The Executive Branch Essay Example for Free

The Executive Branch EssayI.The electric chair of the United States George W. Bushi.Requirements to Hold force You moldiness be at least thirty-five years old, a essential born citizen of the United States, and a resident of the US for no slight than fourteen years.ii.Duties and Powers The prexy must execute laws, commission all military officers of the United States, and adjourn or convene both houses. It is also a duty of the president to pass and regulate laws. With the consent of the Senate he may make treaties. He can appoint ambassadors, public ministers, judges of the Supreme Court, and other officers of the United States. The president is named the commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, as well.iii.Length of Term of Office The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years. (Article II of the Constitution) Also, according to the twenty-second amendment t he President can not hold office more than two terms.iv.Appointment Presidential elections are held once every four years. In order to vote you must be a U.S. citizen of eighteen years of geezerhood or older. The votes are counted by popular and electoral votes. The majority decisiveness of popular votes goes to choose the electoral votes for that state.v.Salary $400,000-plus $50,000 non-taxable expense accountII.Vice President of the United States Richard B. Cheneyi.Requirements You must be at least thirty-five years old, a natural born citizen of the United States, and a resident of the U.S. for no less than fourteen years.ii.Duties and Powers Presiding officer of the U. S. Senate. If something were to happen to the President the Vice President will take over his position as President and his duties. In the senate, he may make the decision to break a tied vote.iii.Length of Term of Office He has a four year term along with the president.iv.Procedure for Election or Appointment T he President and Vice President run as a pair. If the Vice Presidents partner, the candidate for President, is elected then he too will take on the obligation of the office with him.v.Salary $192,600-plus $10,000 taxable expense account.III.Cabineti.Requirements Must be approved by the Senateii.Duties and Powers Each department has its own set of rules. See each department to a lower place for explanations.iii.Length of Term of Office President may alter at leisure.iv.Procedure for Election of Appointment Appointed by the President with approval of Senate.v.Salary $166,700-however, it may vary by department.vi.Departmentsa.Department of Agriculture- Secretary, Ann M. Veneman Watches over agricultural production to make sure prices are fair and food is safe to eat.b.Department of Commerce- Secretary, Donald L. Evans works to promoteinternational trade, economic growth, and technological advancement.c.Department of Defense- Secretary, Donald H. Rumsfeld in charge of overseeing every thing related to the nations military security, directs Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. Also responsible for flood control, development of oceanographic resources, and management of oil reserves.d.Department of Education- Secretary, Roderick R. Paige Administers more than 150 federal information programs, including student loans, migrant worker training, vocational education, and special programs for the handicapped.e.Department of Energy- Secretary, Spencer Abraham Accountable for the research and development of energy technology energy conservation.f.Department of Health and Human Services- Secretary, Tommy G. Thompson Manages Social surety funds Medicare and Medicaid offers social services works to control preventable and infectious diseases.g.Department of Housing and Urban Development- Secretary, Melquiades R. Martinez Supports community development conducts fair-housing laws provides affordable housing and rent subsidies.h.Department of the Interior- Secretary, Gale A. Nortan Protects the natural environment develops the countrys natural resources manages national parks, monuments, rivers, etc.oversees wildlife refuges, research centers, and environmental protection of public land.i.Department of Justice- Secretary, John Ashcroft Supervises U.S. district attorneys and marshals, federal prisons and other penal institutions represents the government in legal matters and gives legal advice to President and/or other members of the Cabinet administers immigration laws.j.Department of Labor- Secretary, Elaine L. Chao Protects rights of workers helps to improve working conditions encourages good relations between labor and management.k.Department of State- Secretary, Colin L. Powell Advises the president on foreign-policy issues maintains relations between foreign countries and the U.S. negotiates treaties and agreements with foreign nations.l.Department of Transportation- Secretary, Norman Y. Mineta Sets the nations transportation policy supervises the coast guard.m.Department of the Treasury- Secretary, Rosario Marin Reports to Congress and the President on the financial state of the government and the prudence regulates the interstate and foreign sale of alcohol and firearms regulates tax laws and collects Federal taxes.n.Department of Veterans Affairs- Secretary, Anthony J. Principi presents benefits and services to veterans and their dependents such as offering a medical care program or education.o.Department of Homeland Security- Secretary, Tom Ridge its goals are to prevent terrorist attacks within the U.S. reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism and minimize the damage and recover from attacks which do occur.

The Poetry of Elizabeth Bishop Essay Example for Free

The Poetry of Elizabeth Bishop EssayIn my answer I provide be lecture intimately my ideas on the contents, styles, and images in the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop. Elizabeth Bishop was born on the 8th of February 1911 in Worcester, Massachusetts. Her father died when she was eight months old and her mother, in shock, was displace to a mental hospital for five years. They were separated in 1916 until her mother finally died in 1934. She was raised by her grandp arnts in Nova Scotia. There are quaternity main themes in the poetry of Bishop. These include nature, tiddlerhood, domesticity/motherhood, and the resilience of the human spirit. The two poesys I will be discussing about in my answer related to the spare-time activity themes are Sestina and The Filling Station. The two themes I will be discussing about are domesticity and churlhood. The first poem I will be discussing on is Sestina. The theme in Sestina, which I will be discussing, is minorhood and domesticity. In Sestina Bishop is looking back at her childhood in a childs perspective.The use of the third person voice in Sestina blends the poets adult perspective with the childs. A sestina is a seven stanza poem with 6 lines in every stanza still for the last one, where there are only three. If we look at the last word in every line of the first stanza we realize that house, almanac, chain of mountains, grandmother, child, and almanac are utilize over and over again as the last word of every line, except the last stanza where there are two words in every line. The reason why Elizabeth Bishop titled her poem after the form it was written in was because she wanted the reader to understand the way a child beguiles. A child rearranges things until it makes sense, the way the words are rearranged over and over again. In stanza five of the child is drawing a picture. The picture is an outlet of the childs emotion. I think this is a expectant way of doing so, after all a picture tells a thous and words. The picture the child draws therefore reflects truly what the child dreams of, a rigid house and a man with buttons worry separate.Apparently, this is a complete contrast to the current situation. It is a able past that shell never have again. It is the bitter mirror image of the present and the past of dream and reality. Although, in the last two stanzas the mood of the poem takes a turn for a brighter theme because of the childs picture atomic moons fall down like trees from between the pages of the almanac into the flower bed Personally, I take the image of flowers in the rain as a very interesting one. It resembles the silver lining in every cloud and the light at the end of the road. Its about restoring hope in the face of affliction. This is clearly shown at the beginning of the last stanza. The verse time to engraft tears, says the almanac mark the turning point of the poem. It is also at this moment that the child becomes happy, therefore not being complete ly unhappy. Its time for the grandmother to bury her tears in the earth and grow hope. The message of the poem is then unveiled there will be a rainbow after the rain, just as there will always be hope for tomorrow. The grandmother sings to the marvellous stove and the child draws another inscrutable house.The grandmother stops crying and starts to sing, the child stops dwelling on the past and starts to draw the future. The almanac in the poem represents the domestic. Its secular and full of information. We have this domestic scene with a stove a grandmother and a childbut then we have tears. The tears tip the poem towards the absurdity. The child can sense the grandmothers tears even though she is laborious to hide it. The child expresses this through the picture she drew if a man with buttons like tears,, and by watching the teakettles small hard tears dance like mad. And in the last stanza where it ends with an inscrutable house, the last thing that should be inscrutable is her house. But in this case there are many symbols and the child is having a difficult time making sense out of things, so even though we have this domestic scene, it isnt really. I think that the tears are from the lose of the grandmothers children, the childs mother. Maybe thats the unspoken reason.The second poem I will be discussing is The Filling Station. In this poem I will be discussing the theme of domesticity/motherhood. I think it is the domestic details that fascinate the poet in this poem. I think so because the poet seems to write in a lot of detail about the domestic items in the little, filling station. Instead of saying its an oily filling station, she describes it further in saying its oil-soaked, oil-permeated to a disturbing, over-all desolate translucency. This is one example of her in-depth detail of the filling station in the poem. The two things in which she goes into extreme detail in are the doily and the plant. She becomes very interested in these two domest ic objects because they greatly contrast the atmosphere which the poet saw the filling station to be, person embroidered the doily. Somebody waters the plant, or oils it maybe. This shows how interested the poet was in these two objects. I understand the somebody in stanza six to be a caring mother. This may be linked to Bishops personal manner in that she lost her own mother and is longing for a caring mother figure in her smell, or, at least, in her life as a child.The realisation that the mother isnt to be seen happens gradually as we see that its a family filling station and that there is wickerwork furniture, a womans touch surely, but then the sudden realisation floods Bishop in the sixth stanza when she repeats the word somebody again and again. The repetition of somebody appears to be a method of ignoring who this person might be even though the association is obvious. Bishop seems to be hiding from the realisation, reinforcing the thoughts that this is about her own lac k of a mother. One of the things I love the most about the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop is the imagery. Elizabeth Bishop is well-known for her ability to take the mundane or most unimportant things in life and use her imagination to change it into something completely out of the ordinary.The Fish is a great example of this. Elizabeth Bishop is renowned to write poetry about the beauty of poetry. This poem is not an exception. Bishop merely catches a fish, yet by her imagination and creativity, which is a part of her poetry, she is able to imagine the fish beyond what it is, not only talking about its skin but also talking about its innards and portraying it as a war veteran. In fact, the ending speaks of how Bishop even begins to see the colours of the rainbow. Sad to say, the poem focuses more on poetry itself it is unlikely the poem is speaking of morality or life and death between herself and the fish. This is what makes it much(prenominal) a great poem. The main thing I like abou t this poem is the vivid imagery Bishop gives, especially when describing the fish. In this poem, the central image is of the poet retentivity the fish beside her rented boat. There are three main roots of factual images. The first group contains thirteen physical images of the fish tremendous fishmouth brownness skin speckled with barnaclesinfested with tiny white sea-licehis gills were breathing in the terrible oxygenthe coarse white flesh the big hit the books and the little bones his shiny entrailsthe pink swim-bladderhis eyesmechanism of his jawhis lower lipThe second group contains seven factual images of the boat beside the boatthe little rented boatthe pool of bilge where oil had spread a rainbow around the rusted engine to the bailer rusted orangethe sun-cracked thwartsthe oarlocks on their stringsthe gunnelsThe third group contains seven factual images of fishing my hook fast in a corner of his mouthfive old pieces of fish-lineor four and a equip leader with the swivel still attachedwith all their five big hooks grown firmly in his mouthA green line, wear out at the end where he broke ittwo heavier linesand a fine black thread still crimped from the strain and snap Overall, there is a great variety in the imagery used in this poem, which is why I like the imagery in this poem. The writing style of Bishop was very different in comparison to her notable coevals such as Robert Lowell and John Berryman. In contrast to their confessional style involving large amounts of self-exposure, Bishops style of writing, though it sometimes involved distributed details from her personal life, was known for its highly detailed and objective, distant point of view and for its necessity on the personal subject matter that the work of her contemporaries involved. In contrast, when Bishop wrote about details and people from her own life, as she did in her story about her childhood and her weeping grandmother in Sestina, she always used discretion.Sestina, in other words, is not personal confession, as the lack of personal names indicates, but representative in the way that a tale is. along with the persona, the point of view, and the poetic form, the language creates a complex experience for the reader. One sympathizes with the grandmother and the child, sensing sorrow, yearning, and the tensing of the childs effort to be an individual within the sheltering, suffocating domestic scene. Yet one also hears wariness in Bishops telling of their story.

Factors For The Rise Of English Neologisms English Language Essay

Factors For The Rise Of position species English Language EssayLanguages argon changing as the world is constantly changing. After the Second World state of war, English neologisms emerged in a remarkable way. cutting vocabulary came into existence due to modern technologies and naked as a jaybird discoveries such(prenominal) as computing, internet , cell phones and the metreized. Peoples daily activities standardized dancing, looking and many some others, re revolutionaryed their popularity giving birth to new lexicon. In deed, new linguistic communication are invented rapidly and are developed quickly thank to mass communication. They appear and fall into disuse when they have served their momentary purpose ( Bernhart 54).Only a few of them will get recorded in glossaries of neologisms of general dictionaries.The proceeds of neologism becomes a new hot spot of research owing to its functional and prevailing use in reality. The study of neologisms evoked a totally cl uster of questions-What are the reasons beyond the rise of new lexicon?-Why are round new talking to just a flash in a goat god?-Why are other words in(predicate)?-What are the qualities that shop a word successful?-Are Neologisms markers of changes in societies?Part 01 Literature Review1.Definition of a NeologismThe term neologism originates from Greek neos means new, logos means word, i. e. a neologism is literally a new word.Neologism is the creation of a new lexical item as a response to changed circumstances in the external world, which achieves some currency within a speech community(qtd. in Chrystal 1992 264) at a particular time.In linguistics, a neologism is a newly invented word or enunciate. It brush aside be an old word or phrase used with a new meaning. The word neologism is a neologism itself, it was coined in 1800.l. 2. Background of English NeologismsThe collection of dictionaries that contain neologisms started in 1604.The early Neologisms dictionarieswere board Alphabeti song (1604, Robert Cawdrey), English Expositor (1616, John Bullokar), and The English Dictionarie (1623, Henry Cockeram).Those dictionaries had some features of neologisms dictionaries but the true study of neologisms began in the 20 century, some 200 years later.The first neologisms give is Word-Coinage, being an InquiryInto Recent Neologisms, also a Brief Study of Literary Style, Slang, andProvincialisms by Leon Mead in 1902.It was not a real dictionaries, it contained a post of articles about new words.In 1920, there was a remarkable progress in the research of new words with the book of C.Alphonso Smith entitled unseasoned Words Self-defined.it included 420 new words with fonts.He wrote some articles entitled Words and Meanings, stark naked.. From 1937 to 1940, Dwight Bolinger ( Famous American Scholar) invented a column ,The Living Language, in the newspaper, Words.Later, it was changed into Among the New Words.In 1944, professor I. Willis Russell became the editor of this column .World war II was a major reason of the birth of new words .In 1944, Majorie Taylor collected the new words created during the War in a word-list entitled The Language of World War II Abbreviation, captions, Quotations, Slogans, Titles and Other Terms and Phrases.At the same time, Clarence Barnhart printed his vocabulary of U.S. Army Terms.After the World War II, science and technology development had greatlyeffected the society. A lot of scientific and technical words were brought into nomenclature. A lot of neologism dictionaries about words in those fields were published. Two of them are mostly welcomed An Explaining and Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Words by W. E. Flood Michael West and Words of Sciences and the History dip Them by Isaac Asimov.From 1970s on, the study of English neologism drew great attention fromwestern scholars, many of them established finicky column to introduce new words in English, such as William Safi re who was well kn let for his On Language in New York Times weekly and Anne H. Soukhanow who was the chief-editor of Word Watch.In Safires column, he provided a considerably clear explanation of new words by citing typical examples, exploring their origins and performing their current usage.The digital revolution in 1990s is the beneathstructure reshaping and restructuring ofsocial patterns. Because of the wild spread of internet, America is speaking a whole new language, said Shawn Holley in his The New Word Revolution. Lots of neologisms that have a historical significance by reason of the influence they exerted on the language field are brought into existence. According to the statistics, much than 20 neologism dictionaries have been compiled, among which some put emphasis on the academic field and some are distinctive by their popularity. Oxford English Dictionary, Websters Third New International Dictionary and Barhart Dictionary of New English are the ones with the highest academic value.New words are numerous. Sometimes it seems as if a new word has about as ofttimes chance of developing into a permanent addition to our vocabulary. Only few of them will remain as serious candidates for the dictionary. Books especially about new words are abundant. However, only a few scholars have ventured to propose factors that make for the success of new words. One is Goran Kjellmer, whose article Potential Words in the diary Word for August 2000 also reviews previous proposals. The other is the executive secretary of American Dialect Society, Allan Metcalf who proposed the FUDGE scale. The two reached different conclusions.Along with books and consummationicals, there is the Internet. In particular, it makes my extensive searches for examples of how words are actually used today possible. Here the author has searched thousands of pages indexed by Google.com countless times to discovery current uses of words under discussion.A jump of several decades has showe d us more researches on the neologisms.Language reflects our life, and the research on the neologisms has never been stopped.By collecting new words or phrases occurring in languages, the previous researches have provided precious materials for the further exploration in this field. Therefore, a careful look at the research background of neologisms carries an essential academic significance.In china, the study of neologism began from 1980s. Most of the specific worksand papers are mere introduction of theories from abroad lacking of much original study. To replete up with the latest English vocabulary is really difficult, thus a thorough and systematic analysis about English new words is of practical significance both in learning and teaching of English as a foreign language.Part 02 Factors for the Rise of English NeologismsThe resaons beyond the rise of new words are numouroes, some are internal causes or linguistic (phonological, morpho-syntactic, lexical or semantic) , others a re external which , we will see in this part.Mcmahon M.S (1994 179-182) discusses causes of semantic change and places the followingLinguistic causesHistorical causes (subdivided into ideas and scientific concepts)Social causesPsychological causes (subdivided into emotive factors and taboo)Foreign influenceThe need for a new name2.1. Sociolcultural Changes2.1.1. New ideas in Society and Culture.Changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new scathe such as beatnik, peacenik, and hippie. Even new culinary arrangements demand new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, chiliburger, mushroomburger, etc.(Anderson, 1973) Brian Foster presents us a striking example of how fast English vocabulary changes. In the year 1914, a young girl named Monica Baldwin entered a convent, remaining secluded there until 1941. When she returned to the outer world, she make up herself in a totally different world the conditions of everyday life altered by t echnical developments and social changes were beyond recognition. Whats more puzzling to her was the language spate speaking. During a railway journey, the term luggage in advance meant nothing to her. Reading the daily newspapers made her feel idiotic in the extreme, because words like jazz, Gin, Hollywood, Cool, noshing and Isolationism were completely incomprehensible to her. Not to mention how bewildered she was at hearing friends say, Its your funeral or believe it or not. (Brian Foster, 1981)2.1.2. Disguising Language, MisnomersMisnomers are words that replace taboo words or banned words.In order not to deceive the hearer, the taboo words are replaced to disguise their unpleaseant meaning.Examples E. friendly fire instead of bombardment by own troops.2.1.3.Prestige, FashionThe superiority of a group or politics leads people to use some linguistic elements (words, morphemes, morphs, sounds) from the prestigious group.Example English, for instance, borrowed from French during the ME. period because the fastness social classes were made up of French peoplee.g. garment, flower, rose, face, prince, hour, question, dance, fork, royal, loyal, fine, zero are all Gallicisms. An other vivid example is English which is now the most prestigious language in many parts of the world.2.1.4.Social, or Demographic, ReasonsHere, it means the contact between different social groups. As a result of this contact, new lexical items appear. In the history of the English language, the two prominent instances of exchanges between two social groups were the one with the Vikings in the 8th to 11th centuries and the one with the French in the 11th to 15th centuries.Examples The inherited ey is replaced by Scandinavian egg, the inherited nimen is replaced by Scandinavian taken except for theform benumb, throwen is supplemented by Scandinavian casten early French loans are army, carpenter, catch.2.1.5.Culture-Induced Salience of a Concept (Cultural Salience)The salience or the impo rtance of concepts change with change of culture.Example In the US, a lot of metaphors in general language have been taken from the field of baseball, e.g. to be off base to be completely wrong, to hit a home run to be highly successful and from the field of entrepreneurship.2.1.6.Word-PlayThe category of word play includes humor, irony and puns. Although word-play often goes hand in hand with other factors (such as taboo, prestige or anthropological salience), it can also trigger lexical change on its own. Example to take French leave to leave secretly (without paying), to cool look (2.2 Technological ChangesNew science leads to new words. Aristotle and Newton were neologists.They used new lexicon and new defintions to explain the theory of dynamicsThus, there is no new knowledge without new terms or concepts.Generally a new invention or discovery holds the name of the inventor.Sometimes some technical new words can be found in linguistics such as hypercorrection, allomorph, etc.Th e word software for example, that computer term was invented by JohnW. Tukey, a statistician at Princeton University. As long ago as 1958, he used the word in the American Mathematical Monthly. Today the software comprising the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and other aspects of automotive programming are at least as important to the modern electronic calculator as its hardware of tubes, transistors, wires, mag tapes and the like. Tukey was already known for inventing some other now- famous computer term.2.3 Economic ChangesEconomic field has a great impact on language.We are in a competition age.This leads to new tag names that want to find a place in the economy market.The success of the product causes the suceesss of its name.The owner of the product has to spend too much cash to make the prdut well-known.This is done via advertisemnts to convice peole tp but it and name it as it was advertised.Its name will be a new word in the society.The example of Coc a-Cola Company is a good example.due to the geat success of coke, people can ask for a coke yet they will be satisfied if they are given pepsi , i.e. the word Coke nowadays constitutes to a soft drink like a coke.Some technical and medical brands find their way in general vocabulary.ExamplesAspirin a name for acetylsalicylic acid, trademarked by the Bayer Company of Germany at the start of the twentieth century.Elevator and escalator both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company. aught a name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Company many years after it was invented. The new name helped the zipper produce popularity in the 1930s.Loafer for a moccasin-like shoe.Cellophane for a transparent wrap made of cellulose.Granola a trademark registered in 1886 by W K. Kellogg, now used for anatural kind of breakfast cereal.Ping-pong for table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901.Xerox for photocopier.Kleenex for facial tissue.Band-Aid for adhe sive bandage.Tupperware for storage container.Scotch tape for transparent adhesive tape.Jazzercise for exercise to jazz music.2.4. Political Changes.Some important political changes infulence vocabulary and give birth to new words and concepts. For instance, when Mr. Bill Clinton was take as the president of the US. His name has been associated with many political words. His policy is Clintonian, he is carrying out the Clintionism, his economics policy is Clintonomics, and his supporters were called Clintonites, he ultimately wanted to realize his Clintonization.another(prenominal) recent political event that took place on Septembet the eleventh has brought a neologism in the American society.Because of the striking coincidence that 911 is the telephone number to call for help in an emergency, that numerical designation of this event has been a success. The events of that day have resulted in a new term ground zero, for the place of impact, the ticker of destruction in New York Ci ty where the World Trade Towers once stood. That phrase has succeeded because it is not really new its an old term for the location on the ground directly under a vast atomic explosion, corresponding to air zero, the location in the air above the ground where the bomb goes off. No one knows who first said ground zero in reference to the site where the World Trade Towers were attacked and collapsed, but the term immediately caught on because of its familiarity and aflame power.Part 03 Success of English NeologismsIn the previous section, we have seen the reasons of the rise of the new words and how they become part of language.In this part we will tackle the reasons that make a word successful or the reasons that make a word part of general language dictionary.3.1 The occurrencesThe frequency of the new word in a society makes it successful.If the neologisms appears in many various sources such newspapers, magazines and books, it will be included in general dictionaries and becomes a familiar word and no more neologism.This mean the the word becomes popular if it is cited in many sources3.2 Variety among sourcesA neologism in its first appearance is common for only a special field .Thus, it is found in technical dictionaries .Consequently , general dictioanries exclude technical terms .But there are some exceptions and some technical words find their place in general dictionaries due to their range in many sources.Example , the phrase intellectual property was limited to some branches .Nowadays, it is widely spead thanks to the new technologies and inventions in each field .3.3 Cruciality in a given fieldSheidlower defines cruciality as the need for a word to exist (35). Lets take the example of the acronym AIDS invented in 1982.This acronym is still the given name to this killing malady.It will hold the same name even if a cure is invented for this disease because of the importance and cruciality of this sickness, its referent is a crucial matter in society (qtd. in Sheidlower 35).The word whirlpooling, though it is the only word used to describe such a behaviour, it is not included in a general dictionary because the phenomenon is rare and unusual , rare and unusual phenomenon (qtd. in Sheidlower 36).3.4 Durability or Endurance ( Existance)Each new word appears in a specific period of time.But if it has suffiecient evidence such as frequency of occurrences, range among sources, cruciality in a given field, it may be included in a general dictionary. New Deal is a good example here.So some neologisms refer to their time period, culture, policies and the like.ConclusionIf a word wants to stay alive, it has to be admitted widely in public speech and used by mass media, and/or personalities, such as politicians, authors etc. (Barnhart 56). Depending on the editor and on what kind of dictionary a coinage should enter, one factor might be more of a value than another. Of the many thousands new words created each year, about 200 new words fu lfill the above-mentioned conditions and make their way into a standard dictionary. Authors, TV, radio and news reporters use these new terms on a large scale, and thus they become vogue words for a certain period of time or even forever (Barnhart 56). But then the struggle of a new word is not over yet. If it is not used any longer or lost its importance, it will be deleted in the end (Sheidlower 38).Practical considerations play their part in the march of a word into a dictionary. forefront among these is the scope of the dictionary and its physical limitations. Because general lexicography is a commercial art form, dictionaries reflect the judgment of their makers and the needs of their publishers. Consequently, no dictionary is complete.There is a great difference between general dictionaries and Among the New Words. The dictionaries aim is to supplement the existing English vocabulary, whereas Among the New Words aims to chronicle the development of the English language (Barn hart 59). For this reason, these criteria declared above (2.4.1 to 2.4.4) hardly apply to Among the New Words.

Global Warming as a Political Conspiracy

Global Warming as a Political ConspiracyGlobal warming and clime multifariousness countenance been a content long debated, especi entirelyy in the policy-making realm. Several conspiracy theories allow developed over sequence that surround the topic, mainly formulated by those that decline the existence of global warming and climate change. These conspiracy theories have gained a following and have evolved over time through some(prenominal) modes of dissemination, and continue to be debunked development the facts divided by climate researchers.The scheme of human induced global warming was proposed by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in the late 19th century (Graham, 2000). He stated that he studyd that emissions from industrial processes might cause alterations in the Earths climate. Since this proposal, scientists have argued over the issue. Later, Dr. S. Fred Singer, an atmospheric and space physicist, spoke come forward against the theory of human induced global warming and climate change (Interview Dr. S. Fred Singer n.d.). He stated that the process was completely natural and that humans would be adequate to find a way to adapt to the changes. He sparked a new wave of climate change denial in the mass media. Several theories have been formed suggesting that global warming and climate change be not a real threat. These include that scientists are hiding or altering climate date to push their agendas, climate scientists are using alarmism for their own economic gain, that global warming is a hoax invented by the Chinese to help them outcompete fall in States manufacturing, that climate change is an elaborate chisel against tax payers, and that the theory of climate change itself is an invention of activists, university researchers, and profiteers for their own economic gain. Typically, these theories center around politics and the political and/or economic agendas of scientists and climate change believers. All of these theories have be en shared by their adherents through various outlets, including books, intelligence activitypaper articles, and former(a) internet sources including social media and partisan news websites. Most adherents of the global warming conspiracy are conservatives or lean more toward right wing political association. However, the opinions of these adherents are not shared by a majority of scientists. In fact, multiple studies have shown that approximately ninety-seven percent of climate scientists agree that the current trends in global temperature are due to human activities (Scientific consensus Earths climate is warming, 2016).In November 2009, it was discovered that over a thousand emails and documents were stolen and/or leaked from the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit, or CRU (Carrington, 2011). The counterpoise was promulgated online, and this caused the public to question science and scientists. This scandal was termed Climategate. This scandal gave climate change d eniers the opportunity to give evidence to their claims surrounding the phenomenon. Climategate involved CRU staff that were in correspondence with other leading climate scientists around the world. Phil Jones, the head of the CRU, was one of the staff members principally under investigation for his correspondence. The CRU typically specializes in utilizing past thermometer data and other data sets to aid in reconstructing more accurate and precise learns of Earths temperature from the past. This scandal was particularly upsetting to the public because it posed questions surrounding access to scientific data and the scientific research review process. Scientific research requires that data be checked by various researchers to see if the results are similar. This requires access to any and all raw data, but in the case of the CRUs temperature data, not all of it was publicly available. Since their data sets had been put together over a long period of time by utilizing several diffe rent resources, the scientists working at the CRU were hesitant to share their temperature data with people that they thought were not going to use the information responsibly. During the companion review process of several other papers, it appeared as though the email correspondence between these scientists also served as a way for them to figure out how to stop other papers from being published. Those papers appeared to critical of the CRUs research. There were four separate investigations that looked into the issues surrounding Climategate. The House of Commons science and technology hold committee was the first to report their investigations. They questioned Phil Jones and other CRU workers in person and ultimately concluded that the CRUs reputation was intact but that they had data access issues that needed to be resolved, which fell on the University (Carrington, 2011). Another report concluded that making the data that was used by the CRU public was the debt instrument of the scientists that collected it, not necessarily the responsibility of the scientists that were reconstructing it. The biggest investigation was done by the university, which found that the scientists had not altered results or silenced anyone who disagreed with them, but that scientists needed to be more open about their research. The final exam investigation was conducted by Norfolk police where they tried to determine how the emails became public in the first place. As far as the content in the emails is concerned, there was nada that was found that would indicate that scientists were hiding things or attempting to keep other scientists from being published. While near incriminating phrases were used in the emails, such as fantasy and hiding the decline, the emails give no indication that climate scientists were trying to keep information from the public (Debunking Misinformation About Stolen Climate Emails, n.d.). The term trick in these emails, concord to the Union of Conc erned Scientists, refers to a technique that was being used by the climate researchers while pooling data together (Debunking Misinformation About Stolen Climate Emails, n.d.). They decided that examine temperature data that was collected from thermometers to that collected from tree rings would give other scientists and researchers the opportunity to better understand climate prior to the widespread use of thermometers to record global temperature data. Combining these data sets would allow older data to be interpreted more accurately. Hiding the decline refers to the omission of data that was collected from around trees in Siberia after 1960 because there were some trees that acted as outliers (Debunking Misinformation About Stolen Climate Emails, n.d.). Some trees had thinner rings than the researchers expected as compared to the actual thermometer data, and scientists are steady trying to figure out why these trees specifically are outliers in this data set. Overall, there wa s no conclusive evidence of a violation of scientific integrity by researchers at the CRU.Climate alarmism is the use of scare tactics by believers in climate change to convince people to take reach and make changes to slow the effects of climate change on the human dash offulation. Some examples of these tactics include reporting lists of things that could go extinct thanks to climate change and trying to convince people that without changing habits, we could lose the ability to eat certain foods or do certain things (Williams, 2016). There are some conspiracy theories surrounding the use of these tactics. There is a theory that claims that climate scientists are using this alarmism as a way to make money (Black, 2014). Theorists believe that climate scientists are prolonging the life of the ruse because the grant money that they get to pursue the science is somehow making them rich. However, there is no evidence to de confrontr these claims. There is evidence to support claims that climate change in costing money, but not on the research itself. Extreme weather events associated with climate change have already cost millions of dollars on infrastructure. This includes taking precautionary measures against rising sea level. If anything, scientists have worked hard to inform the public about the impending minus effects of global warming and climate change, giving political sciences the tools they need to implement legislation assisting in reducing these effects.In 2012, Donald Trump tweeted that he believed that chinaware is using the concept of global warming to reduce and/or eliminate manufacturing competition in the United States (Wong, 2016). He has since said that it was a joke and that he fitting believes that it is just a very, very expensive form of tax and that China couldnt care less about what carbon wastes they put into the environment (Jacobson, 2016). Trumps claims about China have caused the country to come forward to explain that they pla n to continue trying to put an end to the negative effects of climate change, no librate what (Wong, 2016). This seems to be a role reversal for the United States and China, and China may need to take on a leadership role in global efforts to slow the effects of global warming and climate change. Despite adduce that he was joking, Trump has continued to question the existence of global warming several times since he posted this tweet, and even claimed that colder weather patterns forced people behind the hoax to coin the phrase climate change as a way to be more inclusive of all changes in temperature (Scherer, 2016).Some conspiracy theorists have shared beliefs that global warming is a tax scam that is costing taxpayers over $1.5 trillion a year. In his speech published to Breitbart password, James Delingpole explains how global warming is negatively affecting taxpayers (2016). He first calls global warming an industry, saying that the money we spend on the global warming indus try is roughly the amount we spend every year on the online obtain industry (Delingpole, 2016). He goes on to say that the difference between online shopping and global warming is that the former provides people with something that they want, while the latter is a con. If the government were to stop funding the global warming industry through grants and taxpayer subsidies, wherefore it would be worth almost nothing, according to Delingpole. He uses wind farms as an example, saying that theyre expensive, hazardous, and environmentally unfriendly because they kill birds and bats and utilize rare earth metals from China (Delingpole, 2016). Later in his speech, he asks his audience if they truly want to live in a world where those that work hard for their money have it taken from them to be spent on frivolities like the global warming industry, and then he says that this use of funds is causing harm in other ways as well. These include his beliefs that teaching climate science in sch ools is a sort of brainwashing of schoolchildren and that the misallocation of resources is similar to that of Communist countries (Delingpole, 2016).Steve Bannon and Breitbart News have claimed that global warming is actually invented by activists, scientists, and climate researchers to gain economic and government force play (Lavelle, 2016). Bannon has said that government bills and other legislation that combat climate change are madness (Lavelle, 2016). At one point, Breitbart News actually suggested that a chemical group of Marxists had taken control of the Vatican after Pope Francis urged people to work toward stopping climate change and protecting the environment. Bannon blames capitalism for causing so many issues with substitute(a) energy, saying that members of private businesses have been receiving government subsidies for investing in or utilizing forms of alternative energy. However, subsidies for fossil fuels are actually higher than those for alternative energy sou rces. fogy fuel subsidies are currently totaling at almost $500 billion, which is more than four times the amount spent on subsidies for renewable energy sources. Breitbart News has also claimed that the recent signing of the Paris climate agreement is a threat to U.S. sovereignty because it was created to evade the U.S. Constitutions requirement that treaties must be ratified by a two-thirds majority of the Senate (Pollak, 2015).There are several ways in which the issues surrounding global warming and climate change have arisen in pop culture and society, other than typical arguments on social media and rants from partisan news sources. Al Gores documentary An Inconvenient Truth highlights the impacts that humans are having on add up global temperature rise, which is having devastating effects on the planet. Leonardo DiCaprio released his own documentary on climate change in late 2016 in which he discusses the ways in which humans have affected global climate, and also the ways th at humans can help to resolve the issue. Coined by Science Friday, the cli-fi genre is a genre of movies, books, and even some music that utilize climate change as an integral part of the plot. Some examples of the movies from this genre include The Matrix and A.I. synthetic Intelligence (Echter, 2016).The long debated topic of global warming and climate change has sparked the creation of several conspiracy theories. These theories have been disseminated by conservatives or right-wing groups that repudiate the science behind climate change, or believe that liberal or left-wing groups are using the science to push their agendas. While many of these theories have been debunked, people continue to believe that the government is wasting tax money on research, most likely because of a constant distrust in government.ReferencesBlack, D. (2014, may 20). Vast global warming conspiracy exposed Column. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/05/20/climat e-change-blame-effects-column/9325981/Carrington, D. (2011, November 22). QA Climategate Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/07/climate-emails-question-answerDebunking Misinformation About Stolen Climate Emails in the Climategate Manufactured Controversy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/fight-misinformation/debunking-misinformation-stolen-emails-climategate.html.WK28DfkrLIVDelingpole, J. (2016, swear out 28). Climate Change The Greatest-Ever Conspiracy Against The Taxpayer. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.breitbart.com/london/2016/03/28/climate-change-the-biggest-conspiracy-against-the-taxpayer-in-history/Echter, B. (2016, April 8). 16 Pieces of Pop Culture About Climate Change, From Atwood to Spielberg to the Pixies. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.sciencefriday.com/articles/16-pieces-of-pop-culture-about-climate-change-from-atwood-to-spielberg-to-the-pixie s/Graham, S. (2000, January 18). Svante Arrhenius. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Arrhenius/Interview Dr. S. Fred Singer. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/warming/debate/singer.htmlJacobson, L. (2016, June 3). Did Trump say climate change was a Chinese hoax? Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/Lavelle, M. (2016, November 16). Steve Bannons amazing trip from climate conspiracy theorist to a Trump White House post. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//insideclimatenews.org/news/16112016/steve-bannon-trump-white-house-climate-conspiracyPollak, J. (2015, December 13). Climate Change Deal Is a Threat to U.S. Sovereignty. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/12/13/climate-change-deal-is-a-threat-to-u-s-sovereignty/Scherer, J. (2016, November 17) . China tells Trump climate change is not a Chinese hoax. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/17/china-tells-trump-climate-change-is-not-a-chinese-hoax/?utm_term=.8ac0a22e8a55Scientific consensus Earths climate is warming. (2016, July 29). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/Williams, T., Ph.D. (2016, November 7). The Real Politics of Fear? Climate Alarmism. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http//www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/11/07/real-politics-fear-climate-alarmism/Wong, E. (2016, November 18). Trump Has Called Climate Change a Chinese Hoax. Beijing Says It Is Anything But. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https//www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/asia/china-trump-climate-change.html?_r=0

Examining The Corporate Culture And Values Of McDonalds Corporation

Examining The Corporate Culture And Values Of McDonalds CorporationIntroductionMcDonalds corporation is the worlds most recognised and largest provider of foodservice serving millions of customers nonchalant around the world and operates to a greater extent than 30,000 restaurants in more than 120 countries. It was initiated in 1940 with a restaurant opened by brothers Mac and Dick Donalds in California. aft(prenominal) since its incorporation in 1955, McDonalds has sold more than 100 billion hamburgers. McDonalds squad of experienced managers, high ranking operating(a) system, global infrastructure and one of the intumesce recognized brand names in the world. It is the biggest fast food retailer capturing the whole world. It has initiated Hamburger University where the assistant managers and the mangers are trained. McDonalds corporate culture is based on shared value system and maintains standardised quality process to ensure same quality and reduction in lead time. McDonalds has the vision to be the shell employer in all(prenominal) federation in the world. The restaurants are run either by franchise, or as corporate itself. This paper attempts to define the organisational structure and shortcomings in its operations. The operational structure is the system of the operation of an organisation i.e. the values, beliefs and policies. There are some shortcomings which poise as a thread to achieve its goal and lend effectively. The organisational problems of McDonalds have been disturbing the activities to be carried proscribed by the organisation effectively. The policy of McDonalds is to promote an working environments which is free from unlawful discriminations. The study will include the causes central the problem and the alternatives available to the organisation along with the recommendation for the future.www.bized.com,mcdonalds/mcindex, Retrieved from Business source complete databaseCorporate culture and values of McDonalds CorporationMcDonald s corporate strategy is to do the right things and provide the best to the customers and community they serve, and the employees of the organisation. McDonalds has a strong corporate culture and supportive about the global youth employment. In McDonalds every process has a very particular rules and regulations of how it should be carried out. It tries to provide best support to its employees. It is dedicated to provide the customers unique take of quality, cleanliness, value and service. They are in the take that well trained team will serve the best by working together and , so they are committed with people and encourages team build and team work. McDonalds sets out all aspects of business with integrity and honesty. They believe in celebrating the achievement and are strived for cutting high goals and its accomplishments. They are highly committed to customers mentality and satisfaction. They are directed to convert awareness into action. The Goal of McDonalds is to have pe ople within the organisation to work to better performance and living to reach their skilful potential. They have performance based rewards for the employees which provide a platform for the workers to deliver the best to the day to day activities. They believe in balance of work as higher burden of time and work pressure will deteriorate the performance of the employees. They have proper and specific roles and responsibly mentioned for each employees of the workforce. McDonalds have taxonomicNick Hopkings,www.docstoc.com, organisational structure of McDonalds(2006)Retrieved from improving customer focus through organisational structurerules to follow and are inclined towards good health. The following are experienced in the organisation-Fast customer service.Free from error occurrence.Decision making is simple.Facilities are well keep.The premises of the restaurants are clean.Well built teams and effective team work with specified work.Standards are based on value, quality and cl eanliness.Full control on the every link of the supply chainFood sentry duty is the important consideration of the companyPerformance based rewards and better scope for promotions on the basis of performance.Organisational problems and causes underlying the problemsMcDonalds has also some organisational problems which led it to criticism in its operations. Organisational problems provide a thread to operate smoothly in its activities and poise a difficulty in maintaining quality and performances. The following are the organisational problems and the underlying causes www.mcdonalds.com/us, our business relationship , our values ,Retrieved from Business source complete databaseMcDonalds is blamed for excessive packaging waste. The main cause of this is due to unplanned packaging design and in high-fidelity way of handling it.Centralised authority is maintained in McDonalds. All the conclusions are made by the higher level management and the lower level and crew members have to fol low it which created a bridge of gap among various level of management.Strict procedure and employees must focus on how things to be carried out which discouraged many employees as they were unable to communicate their feedback and difficulties.The team lacks motivation to the performance due to strict rules and no feedback process.The team lacks ability as they are allowed to work under fixed guidelines as skills and capabilities all differs.McDonalds is often blamed for obesity and high in calories food.Horizontal division of labour as each task of the employees is specified and the more compliance on the final product which creates boredom among the employees which will lead to decrease in performance.Interiors and the look should be changed as it has been quite a long they have not uninitiated any fresh look.www.bized.com,mcdonalds/mcindex, Retrieved from Business source complete databaseAlternatives and recommendations for the problems arising in the organisationVertical decisi on making should be facilitate in the organization which will encourage communication among the various levels in the organisationDecentralised organisational structure should be maintained so that the lower level management should be able to communicate and express their ideas freely. The crew members will feel their importance to the organisation and will correspond a vital role in improving the performance.The organisation should follow work hard and play hard culture. This will lead to more employee lodge through more involvement and decrement in risk taking.Increase in delegation of responsibility to subordinates must be initiated which will encourage higher performance by the employeesNegative attention should be stopped to attract i.e. no hormones , no chemicals etcShould be more focused into customer careShould not be associated with globalisation and corporate greedMake the interiors more attractive by introducing more attractive uniforms for employees, new themes etc.Bet ter and improvements in community relations should be started. Each restaurants should be allowed to adapt to its own local area which will encourage better selling and attractions from the localityTake more risk by adding new food items in the menuRotation of employees works tasks so that they get trained in various sections like pay and accounting.Should try to go organic and provide more healthy food i.e. less in calories etcConclusionMcDonalds has strong corporate values and the industry where it is operating is highly competitive. To maintain the customer value and satisfaction it must improve on the products they are offering. McDonalds should initiate with new product line or new items in the menu so customers are not bored with same items and also maintain the quality of the products it has been serving. The interiors and design should be given a new look to attract new generation and new customers also the old customers feel the speciality about it.

Physics of Music Essay example -- physics music sound

Fluid Behaviors of Sound WavesSound is capable of being produced only if a culture medium is present. By this, I mean that, for there to be sound, there must be air. For a sound wave to be emitted by an instrument and be received by a listener, the instrument must excite the air around it and propagate its energy through the air, in the form of compression/longitudinal waves. When received by the listener, the waves pulse the eardrums with the same varying frequencies as they were emitted.An instrument shakes to produce its t iodineIn instruments, air is excited and set into oscillation by vibrations. Instruments use such mechanisms as drawing strings (violin and guitar), bars or rods (marimba and chimes and reeds), membranes (drum heads), plates or shells (cymbals or gongs), air in tubes (woodwinds and brass), or volumes of air enclosed in vessels (drum and string bodies) to produce vibrations.Sound oscillations are created as the oscillating instrument vibrates a column of air an d bumps the air that is within immediate proximity. This bump sends out a compression, also called longitudinal, waves in all directions.The tone of a brass instrument is produced as a player contracts their embouchure and expels a jet of air in order to vibrate their lips, and thereby vibrate the air in the tubing of their horn.The tone of reed instruments (single or double) is produced by holding a reed austere and forcing air over, or through. When this happens, the reed vibrates, creating an oscillation.The tone of flute instruments is produced when air blown over the mouthpiece hole excites surrounding particles. When the vibrations of these surrounding particles match the natural frequency of the instrument, the column of air inside the ins... ...requency higher and into a higher row of harmonics.How Does Any of this Relate to Music?Okay, so I just spent the get going several pages expressing fluid, energy, and math properties of how sound is put through air. But this essay is dedicated to the physics of music Simply, none of the attributes of sound, as I have depict them in the other pages in terms of physics, are not in any way musical. Music and physics really only have one point of connection, that music is made by manipulating the mechanics of air oscillations--how the signals are emitted by the instruments and received by the listeners. Music itself, however, is made by how the listener interprets or experiences those signals.As stated in Levarie and Levys, Tone, A study in Musical Acoustics, Music is not something that happens in the air. It is something that happens in the soul.

The Positronic Man :: essays research papers

THE POSITRONIC MANAn extraordinary story about an extraordinary robot.In the twenty-first century the creation of the positronic brain leads to the schooling of robot labourers and revolutionises life on Earth. However, to the Martin family, their household robot NDR-113 is more than a tool, it is a trusted friend, a confidant, and a member of the family. Through some isolated manufacturing glitch, NDR-113 or known as Andrew has been blessed, with a capacity for love and a drive toward self-awareness and development that are almost...human. This story is set on an Earth, which is just scratch line to get used to the idea of robots. Even so, it is an earth that was not ready for Robot NDR-113. Andrew, with his ability to assimilate emotions, and an unexpected gift for fine arts, both stupefied and worried people. In an attempt to become human, he develops several prosthetic devices, which prove a godsend to humans.Almost, however, is not enough. Andrews dream is to become accepte d as human. Facing human prejudice, the laws of robotics, and his own mechanical limitations, Andrew used science and law in his quest for the impossible, arriving at last at a terrifying option to make his dream a reality, he must pay the ultimate price.I must say that I didnt have very high expectations for this parole because I am not a very big science fiction fan, but this book changed my mind. There are many reasons why this item book changed my view on science fiction. One of the major(ip) reasons for my enjoyment of this book is the way in which it was written. Isaac Asimov and Robert Silverberg set this story up wonderfully. I in person liked the way the book is structured. The first chapter takes place at the end of the story so you start thinking about what is going to happen flop from the start. Then, as you near then end of the story you return to where you began in the first chapter and finish the story with a thought provoking ending. Another major reason that I l iked this particular story is because it touched on many ethical aspects, from different points of view. Such as, what it means to be human, how humans in general would be perceived by an intelligence that has no knowledge about the way we as humans reason or think. The authors alike showed how humans will react when they find out that they can create a being with the ability to not just think in a logical pattern but also be creative and intelligent well beyond their own abilities.