The Morality Of Us Bombing Of Hiroshima Essays -

The Morality Of Us Bombing Of Hiroshima THE ATOMIC BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI WAS IT NECESSARY? Christopher Philippi HS-102 May 3, 1999 On August 6 and 9, 1945, the only atomic bombs ever used in warfare were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The mass destruction and numerous deaths caused by those bombs ultimately put an end to World War II. Was this the only way to end the war, however? Could this killing of innocent Japanese citizens had been avoided and the war still ended quickly. This paper will go into this controversial topic. First, a summary of the events leading up to the bombing and the events that followed: With the end of the European war, the Allies focused their efforts on Japan. Though they were losing miserably, the Japanese continued to fight back. The Potsdam Proclamation was issued to the Japanese. It made no mention of Japans central surrender condition, the status of the Emperor. In Japan, the Emperor was viewed as a god. Therefore, Japan rejected the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russia declared war against Japan. Japan, because of its military, still refused to surrender. The Japanese government voted against surrender. Japanese believe in death before dishonor. Japanese peace advocates feared for the safety of the Emperor. They begged him to break with tradition and make government policy by 2 calling for peace now. As a result of the Emperors call to surrender, the entire Japanese cabinet, including the military, agreed to surrender. The cabinet saw that this would allow the Emperor to be retained. The Japanese would have fought to the death if they did not feel the Emperor would have been spared. They may have been fighting a losing battle, but they saw unconditional surrender as a threat to the Emperor. President Truman had been advised of the importance of the Emperor to the Japanese. Japan was seeking Russias help to end the war in July 1945. The U.S. was aware of this at the time through intercepted Japanese cables. But, the U.S. did not keep up with this change in Japans position. Instead the U.S. chose military methods of ending the war rather than diplomatic methods. The desire for revenge helped make military methods more attractive. After the creation of the atomic bomb was complete and before it was dropped there was uncertainty to whether or not it should be used. Many scientists argued that it should not be used. Truman had a difficult decision to make. He had much advice given to him towards making a decision. Leo Szilards first version of his petition was more strongly worded than the final version. Regardless, on July 3, 1945, he presented to President Truman his reasoning for not using the atomic bomb on Japanese cities. It was signed by 58 other scientists. 3 Rejecting the pretense that the targets would be military, the petition called atomic bombs a ruthless annihilation of cities. The bombing of cities had been condemned by the American public only a few years earlier when done by the Germans to England. Previously it had been feared that the U.S. might be attacked by atomic bombs. The only defense then would be a counterattack by the same means. However, with that danger gone such an attack on Japan would be unjustified (Alperovitz 132.) A memorandum by Ralph A. Bard, Undersecretary of the Navy, to Secretary of War Stimson on June 27, 1945 stated that before the bomb is ever used Japan should be given a few days notice. This position was based on the humanitarian feelings of our nation. In addition, Bard sensed Japan was searching for an opportunity to surrender. Bard proposed a meeting with the other superpowers, including Japan, before ever using the bomb. On July 16, 1945, the atomic bomb was tested over the New Mexico desert. The Trinity Test was a spectacular success. A 6 kilogram sphere of plutonium, compressed to supercriticality by explosive lenses, exploded with a force equal to approximately 20 thousand tons on TNT. The report was done by Col. Stafford Warren, Chief of the Manhattan Projects Medical Section. It showed that the potential for radioactive fallout from the test was an important concern. Fallout from the test exposed a family living 20 miles from Ground Zero to dangerous 4 levels of radiation. The radiation monitors were so concerned they asked permission to talk to the family to see how they feel (Schull 70). Dead jackrabbits were found more than 800 yards from zero. A farm

Free Essays on E_marketing

Question one It has been suggested that by using internet and online services customer behaviour has changed. For example, consumers have become more demanding with response times (expecting replies to queries within 24 to 48 hours). What changes in consumer behaviour can you find? That is, how has consumer behaviour been affected by online? Introduction This work looks at the behaviour of consumers from an internet perspective. Also discussed in this work will be changes that the internet may have caused in consumers behaviour. The effects of consumer behaviour has on the internet will also be analysed in this question. Legal Lack of legal remedies for misuse of information provided to web sites causes consumers to be discriminating about the information that they will reveal online and to what web sites they will reveal the information. It is possible that the growth in ecommerce is slowing and the potential efficiency of the Internet is affected because of consumer unwillingness to supply information (Lindstrom 2002). Consumer Confidence Relative to retail and financial web sites, consumers appear more willing to reveal personal information to health-oriented web sites (Hardaker & Graham 2001). For several categories of information, consumers appear more willing to provide information if the web site is a well-known web site. Web sites that have privacy statements, opt out features, and third party seals can allay some consumer concerns about unexpected privacy invasions (Hardaker & Graham 2001). Consumers are very aware of the possible negative consequences of allowing personal information to fall into the wrong hands and appeared particularly concerned about lack of control of their information and unauthorised redistribution (Janal 2000). According to Lindstrom (2002) studies have shown that 87.5% of surveyed consumers expect to see comprehensive information regarding privacy policy when visiting a commerc... Free Essays on E_marketing Free Essays on E_marketing Question one It has been suggested that by using internet and online services customer behaviour has changed. For example, consumers have become more demanding with response times (expecting replies to queries within 24 to 48 hours). What changes in consumer behaviour can you find? That is, how has consumer behaviour been affected by online? Introduction This work looks at the behaviour of consumers from an internet perspective. Also discussed in this work will be changes that the internet may have caused in consumers behaviour. The effects of consumer behaviour has on the internet will also be analysed in this question. Legal Lack of legal remedies for misuse of information provided to web sites causes consumers to be discriminating about the information that they will reveal online and to what web sites they will reveal the information. It is possible that the growth in ecommerce is slowing and the potential efficiency of the Internet is affected because of consumer unwillingness to supply information (Lindstrom 2002). Consumer Confidence Relative to retail and financial web sites, consumers appear more willing to reveal personal information to health-oriented web sites (Hardaker & Graham 2001). For several categories of information, consumers appear more willing to provide information if the web site is a well-known web site. Web sites that have privacy statements, opt out features, and third party seals can allay some consumer concerns about unexpected privacy invasions (Hardaker & Graham 2001). Consumers are very aware of the possible negative consequences of allowing personal information to fall into the wrong hands and appeared particularly concerned about lack of control of their information and unauthorised redistribution (Janal 2000). According to Lindstrom (2002) studies have shown that 87.5% of surveyed consumers expect to see comprehensive information regarding privacy policy when visiting a commerc...

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Research paper - Essay Example The difference here is that the Fences represents an African-American family while the Death of a Salesman is a story of the middle class American Caucasian of the 1940s. The story of Death of a Salesman centres around the disillusioned Willy Loman’s inability to stay focused on things and is replete with flashbacks. Willy’s family is struggling to survive and Biff, the son is unemployed and constantly fighting with Willy. There is a constant failure in jobs. The flashbacks reveal that Biffs career was jeopardized in high school when Biff finds his father having an affair. Eventually Biff accepts himself for what he is, but his father is unable to come to terms with failure and kills himself. Fences though written in was written in 1986 portrays a family of the fifties. It is a play that portrays the life of an African-American family living in a difficult period when Africans were being segregated. Byungho Han (2001) describes the setting of the play thus: â€Å"The setting of Fences intends to reveal their dreams of happiness, and subsequent sense of loss, and frustration in the fifties of America.†Ã‚   This play tells the life of a middle-aged African American, Troy Maxson, who struggles to raise his son, keep his family together in an ever changing society. Laura Hitchcock while comparing him with Willy Loman says, â€Å"Like Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, Troy Maxson is one of the most recognizable anti-heroes of the American stage. Hes monstrous, honourable, and a huge charismatic presence in the life of his family†. He has survived a brutal childhood and a prison term and works as a garbage man. Troys son, Cory, wants to play football and get a college scholarship. Troy believes that the whites will not allow his son to play. He also feels that football will interfere with Cory’s job at a grocery store. He makes Cory leave football for his job as he wants Cory to become

Efficient Market Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Efficient Market Theory - Essay Example Any information, whether published or insider, will reflect in the prices instantly. This hypothesis presupposes that there is no question of under or overvaluation in the market and it is impossible to outperform the market by making abnormal profits in the stock exchanges. It is also pertinent to note that higher returns are associated with higher risks, and the factors affecting performance of a stock could vary from political risks, acquisitions and mergers, crisis of various sorts to fluctuations in other markets, and it may be difficult for the market forces to adjust to the impact of these factors instantly. Objectives This paper seeks to study and analyze the secondary sources with reference to the following questions relevant to efficient markets theory: 1. Is the Efficient Market theory true? 2. Is there any need for technical or fundamental analysis in efficient markets? Efficient Market Theory If beating the market is impossible, how come Warren Buffet is consistent in ou tperforming the market? There are so many mutual fund and portfolio managers giving consistent performance in the stock markets, which is not possible according to this theory. There is always scope for outperforming the markets thorough experience, expertise, intuition and discipline. The efficient market is an ideal situation which is hardly achieved in the real life. For example, Muhammad, N. M. N. and Rahman, N. M. N. A. (2010, p. 35) writes â€Å"EMH states that security prices fully reflect all available information and will immediately adjust to the arrival of new information (Adam, 2004). However, since market was closed on both Saturday and Sunday, it was argued that investors cannot do anything with the market even though they got some information during the weekend†. The equilibrium in the market is always disturbed by so many factors including psychological factors such as over confidence of the investors or over reaction to the market forces. Sharma, A. (2009, p. 37) states â€Å"Various studies have been conducted worldwide on stock market reaction to public announcements. Market’s reaction to such publicly available information is very swift. Inefficiency in the market exists when investors envisage such information before it is formally announced and earn abnormal returns†. Greed and fear are the motivating forces of the markets many a times, and rational approach to the investment or trading takes the backseat. Sudden crashes in the markets are nothing to do with fair value, and the market sentiments driven by so many factors rudely shakeup the very fundamental concept of this theory. Consequently, the question of under or overvaluation to the stock arises in the markets. Park, A. (2010, p. 365) states that one of the implications of the weak-form EMH is that prices are submartingale, or, more loosely, they are a random walk. Consequently, a so-called technical analysis, which is the extraction of information about the fut ure movement of prices from past prices, should have no merit. In real life situations, perfect efficiency in the market place is unrealistic, and it also depends upon accuracy of the information, cost of the information, the efficiency of the information transmission and the risk-return reward in taking decisions based on the information. Livanas, J. (2006, p. 28) argues how can the market be efficient when investors seem to make decisions that perhaps are rational – but only within bounds? When the investors make decisions in an irrational manner, which is in line with the human behavior, it will be difficult to rely on a

Duke of Edinburg Adventurous Journey Report Essay Example for Free

Duke of Edinburg Adventurous Journey Report Essay The Duke of Edinburg Adventurous Journey Report It all started on the cool morning of July 31. After a delay of about 2 hrs, we finally got on the Volvo AC bus after having our modest breakfast in OIS. I felt great; the morning fresh air always suited me. The bus passed effortlessly through the jam less Dhaka streets. Once it got to Savar, I began to notice natural beauty of the highest quality. There were all kinds of plants and shrubs and delicately colored flowers. The green carpeted Savar Golf Course was the main attraction of our journey from Dhaka to Aricha. After an hours delay at the Aricha ferry ghat, it took us another hour to cross the river. The other half of our journey from ferry ghat to Khulna was torturous. Amid the sweltering heat of the shrouded sun, the AC of the AC bus kept breaking down and we were not in a position to actually appreciate the natural roadside beauty. Everyone was sweating and cursing inside the bus. And no one had the heart of taking pictures or tuning to a song. So the first emotion upon stepping out of the bus was one of relief; no one would want to repeat a bus journey like that! We reached the quarter where we would be saying for the better part of the next 2 days. Every one of us felt disappointed on seeing the small building surrounded by the wild. Compared to BARD, this place was like a jungle. We spent an hour for settling in our room and washing ourselves up. Then we took a 20 minute walk and our journey for the day was put to an end. The next day was full of adventures. We took a 2 hr walk before breakfast. The highlight of our adventurous journey came right after that. We took a bus to Bagerhat to visit the Sathgombhuj Mosque. The guide there told us some part of the history of the mosque and also gave us an insight on where the name of the mosque derived from. After a brief photo-session we went to Khan Jahan Ali Mazar; there we sat near the edge of the lake and took a little snack break of singara and Frutica. Some half an hour later another bus trip took us to Chadmahal. The place is a gem hidden deep in the heart of Bagerhat. It looked like a great place for family hangout. Apart from anything else there is a zoo, an astounding 3-storey marble-studded building and an underwater entrance to the building. After our short visit to Chandmahal, we took our survey of the local people, as instructed and then went back to our resting place. After a day full of work, it was a bliss to me to get a quick shower and nap before the grand camp fire. Although most of the awardees were reluctant, the campfire went fine. I was honored to be given the chance to light the fire. From there on, we sang and Akter sir danced and overall the camp-fire was a success. After that we went to sleep. The next day, everyone woke up early and prepared to leave. We loaded vans with our luggage and hurried to the train station. No sooner had we got on the train, it gave its final whistle and started to move. The train journey was itself an adventure with one of the bogies going off-track soon after we passed a small station. All in all the adventurous journey was a memorable one and a few glitches along the way will not make it any less enjoyable.

The Farewell Sermon of Muhammad :: Islam Religion Essays

The "Farewell Sermon" of Muhammad The apostle continued his pilgrimage and showed the men the rites and taught them the customs of their hajj. He made a speech in which he made things clear. He praised and glorified God, then he said: "O men, listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you in this place again after this year. Your blood and your property are sacrosanct until you meet your Lord, as this day and this month are holy. You will surely meet your Lord and He will ask you of your works. I have told you. He who has a pledge let him return it to him who entrusted him with it; all usury is abolished, but you have your capital. Wrong not and you shall not be wronged. God has decreed that there is to be no usury and the usury of `Abbà ¢s b. `Abd al Muttalib is abolished, all of it. All blood shed in the pagan period is to be left unavenged. The first claim on blood I abolish is that of Ibn Rabà ®`a b. al Hà ¢rith b. `Abd al Muttalib (who was fostered among the Banà » Layth and whom Hudhayl killed.) It is the first blood shed in the pagan period which I deal with. Satan despairs of ever being worshiped in your land, but if he can be obeyed in anything short of worship he will be pleased in m atters you may be disposed to think of little account, so beware of him in your religion. "Postponement of a sacred month is only an excess of disbelief whereby those who disbelieve are misled; they allow it one year and forbid it another year that they may make up the number of the months which God has hallowed, so that they permit what God has forbidden, and forbid what God has allowed." [Koran 9:37] Time has completed its cycle and is as it was on the day that God created the heavens and the earth. The number of months with God is twelve; four of them are sacred, three consecutive and the Rajab of Mudar, which is between Jumà ¢dà ¢ and Sha`bà ¢n. You have rights over your wives and they have rights over you. You have the right that they should not defile your bed and that the should not behave with open unseemliness. If they do, God allows you to put them in separate rooms and to beat them but not with severity.

Creation of the Whites Essay

The â€Å"Creation of the Whites† is a story about the whites coming over and slowly starting to colonize what they called the new world. This story shows the whites and the Native Americans being very peaceful towards each other. The whites ask permission to the Native Americans for about everything they do in the new world. Although the whites try to be respectful there are still signs that they consider their selves superior over the Native Americans. In this story it shows the whites coming over the sea and starting to eventually start colonizing the new world. They come over the first time and the Native Americans come up to see them but they leave on their, what the natives called house boat almost immediately. The next time the whites came they tried to talk to the Native Americans but they could not understand each other. The whites came back with more ships the next year and asked the Native Americans to come to shore and eventually did. The whites decided to leave ag ain shortly after they showed up. Then the whites came back again three months later and asked the Native Americans for some earth to fill a box and the natives gave it to them. The whites later came back and let the Native Americans know the ground is fertile. The whites then asked for some land to live on and the Native Americans gave them permission. The thing that amazes me most about this document set is how the Native Americans and whites get along so well. In later times in history the Native Americans and whites rarely got along as well as they did in this story. The whites seem to really respect the Native Americans for most of the story. They ask permission just to come to shore and put dirt in a box. Later on the whites also ask permission to use some of the Native American’s land. The stories that we hear from later times are of the whites pushing the Native Americans off there land without getting permission. The Native Americans give the whites everything they ask for which also surprises me a lot. The Native Americans have lived on the land for many years and it surprises me that they would give some of their land up to people who they thought were created out of sea foam. The Yuchis believed that their tribe originate d from the sun and the whites originated from sea foam. I understand that they don’t know much about the whites beliefs that they are they superior culture but I am still surprised the Native Americans would give up their land. The Native Americans were very generous to the whites. The whites  seemed to respect the Native Americans other than when they tested the land to see if it was fertile which may have shone a lack of trust. The Native Americans had been living on the land for many years and the whites could have easily trusted the Native Americans that the land was fertile. They even came back and told the Native Americans that their land was fertile. This shows part of the whites belief that they are the superior culture. The whites seemed to be very respectful throughout the story. They asked permission for everything they wanted to do. The only thing I saw the whites do that showed that they might of lacked trust in the Native Americans was test the ground to see if it was fertile. This story shows that the whites and th e Native Americans did not always have big conflicts.