Online Article On Online Privacy - 2954 Words

Online Privacy Institutional affiliation Online Privacy The internet is a very useful tool to help almost all of the individuals in their daily life activities. With the advent of the internet, people are also able to talk to their loved ones who are living in the far-flung areas. Employers are also recruiting the employees from the different areas of the world to increase diversity in their teams. Because of all these activities, it is critical for the people to protect their identities while using the internet because it is not a very safe communication channel. Various hackers in the world can access almost anything that is available on the internet. Internet privacy includes the privilege or order of individual protection concerning the putting away, procurement to outsiders, and showing of data relating to oneself through the Internet. Internet privacy is a subset of PC protection. Privacy concerns have been explained from the beginnings of an extensive scale PC offering. New advances are making it simpler for governments and organizations take in the particulars of our online exercises. Organizations gather our data to offer to the most astounding bidder while an extending reconnaissance contraption and obsolete privacy laws permit the administration to screen us more than ever. Protection can involve either Personally Identifying Information (PII) or non-PII data, for example, a webpage guest s conduct of a site. An increasing number of individuals areShow MoreRelatedOnline Article On Online Privacy1587 Words   |  7 PagesISRAEL DASNEY ALCANTARA ENGLISH COMPOSITION I 12/03/16 Online Privacy Claim The creation and foundation of the consistent utilization of the web in the previous couple of decades has really upset socialization and has changed culture the world over fundamentally. Individuals can discover data at the snap of a catch, or send messages to somebody over the world with another basic snap. â€Å"†¦The web has turned into a fundamental piece of individuals lives all over the place and of the worldwide economyRead MoreHow Technology Has Become Increasingly Globalized And Is Now A Key Utility1491 Words   |  6 Pagestheir personal information online. What many fail to recognize is that tech companies—such as Facebook and Google—track their online activity and are incessantly storing and selling their information. A user may also willingly offer their information to these companies when they ask for it under the guise of personalizing the user’s experience. Often times the user’s information is sold to feature advertisements that a re tailored to them, however, the tracking and mass online surveillance are endangeringRead MoreIs The Absolute Security On The Internet?1561 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost everybody in the world who does social networking or goes online Nowadays, many people experience problems regarding privacy on technology, such as the Internet. With technology, people can do all sorts of things and socialize with people from different places. However, people shouldn’t trust digital technology so easily when it involves disclosure of private information. With digital technology being so advanced today, people’s privacy is in danger that demonstrates cybersecurity, tracking, andRead MoreEssay on Internet Privacy1325 Words   |  6 PagesInternet Privacy It has become a sad and upsetting fact that in today’s society the truth is that the right to one’s privacy in the I.T (information technological) world has become, simply a joke. In an electronic media article â€Å"No place to hide†, written by James Norman, two interesting and debatable questions were raised: ‘Are we witnessing the erosion of the demarcation of public and private spaces brought on by the networked economy and new technology?’ Also, ‘What roles do government, industryRead MoreInternet Privacy1375 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Privacy? What a Joke! It has become a sad and upsetting fact that in todays society the truth is that the right to ones privacy in the I.T (information technological) world has become, simply a joke. In an electronic media article No place to hide, written by James Norman, two interesting and debatable questions were raised: ‘Are we witnessing the erosion of the demarcation of public and private spaces brought on by the networked economy and new technology? Also, ‘What rolesRead MoreGoogle Vs. Google Privacy Policy1349 Words   |  6 Pageslike Google and others collect and store individual customer profile as a requirement to provide free services like search, webmail, web storage and social networking services. Official Google Privacy policy states: â€Å"When you use Google services, you trust us with your information.†. (Google) Google privacy policy is built on the opt-out requirement and they influence their customer to implicitly trust it with their personal data. Google claims in their mission statement that â€Å"Google’s mission isRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Privacy Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesHoltzman, David H. Technology Threatens Privacy. Privacy Lost: How Technology Is Endangering Your Privacy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2006. Rpt. in Civil Liberties. Ed. Roman Espejo. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 Oct. 2016. This article discusses how technology causes a threat to people’s privacy. The author explains how anything we have ever put on the internet whether it was deleted or not is still out there in someone’s databaseRead MoreExploiting Loss Article Review : A Study Of Death And Grief Online1493 Words   |  6 PagesExploiting Loss Article Review There are many ethical issues when considering how to handle research on grief and bereaving on social media and blogs. Do the bloggers and users of social media have the same rights to privacy that people have when the source is paper/written? This article, Exploiting Loss?: Ethical Considerations, Boundaries, and Opportunities for the Study of Death and Grief online, focuses on six ethical issues when studying death and grief online: privacy and anonymity; researcherRead MoreArticle Review: Electronic Commerce Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesThe World Wide Web(WWW)has been providing extensive opportunities for merchants to conduct their businesses online. Electronic commerce is a new form of online exchange in which most transactions occur among parties that have never met. As in traditional exchanges, concerns about trust have been identified as a barrier to customer for engaging in e-commerce and a barrier for the success of electronic commerce. In the traditional market, a typical customer would be limited to choosingRead MoreA Weekly Magazine Newsweek By Kevin Maney773 Words   |  4 PagesThis article was published in an Americsn weekly magazine Newsweek by the well known author Kevin Maney, and it was published in 26th of June, 2015. Newsweek is a well-known, famous, second largest weekly popular magazine in USA. This article is pretty uptodate from 2015. The author of this article Kevin Maney is a credible, best-selling author, award-winning columnist, and musician. He writes a weekly column about technology and society for Newsweek, appearing both online and in the printed magazine

The Effects Of Violence On Public Health Policy Essay

Violence compromises physical health and threatens the safety of our communities (Public health policy paper). In our nation violence continues to cause premature death, disability and injury yet there are insufficient efforts to prevent it (Public health policy paper). Currently, our interventions to prevent violence occur after a violent crime has occurred. The focus is to incarcerate individuals who have committed a violent crime (public health policy paper). We are failing to fix the infrastructure where children surrounded by violence are living, once fixed we can prevent violence in our youth. Current policies cause removal of violent offenders from society by increasing the average sentence for a violent crime threefold (public health policy paper). Although this may have some advantages in preventing another violent offense by reducing violence rates by 10 to 15%, our innovative nation can do better (public health policy paper). including current incidence/prevalence and Soc ial and Economic Burden Incidence new cases Prevalence:living total Violent Deaths Rates in the age group 10-24 are 15.91 violent related deaths per 100,000 Homicide and assault related injuries among youth cost americans about 16.2 billion through medical bills loss of production in amongst older youth (http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/youth-violence-accomplishments-a.pdf) Clearly describes how the issue relates to the goals of Healthy People 2020 or the Millennium Development Goals,Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Public Health Of Domestic Violence847 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact of public health of Domestic Violence in United States. The violence against women is a global health problem of epidemic and unpreventable circumstances. Domestic violence doesn’t have a controlled policy because it can extend into the society with devastating effects on its victims and costs that ripple across the economy. The two major reasons that the issue are being addressed by policy are not enforced in actions. First reason is that every 9 seconds in the US a woman is assaultedRead MoreEffects Of Youth Violence781 Words   |  4 Pagesmany health issues which affect the population, youth violence is one of many issues. Youth violence is a behavior in which serious consequences and is now one of the primary public health issues of our period. Youth violence has affected not just the offenders but also their families and the community. Absence of positive role models, violence in families, victims due to violence, poverty and living in a community where crime is committed all contribute to youth violence. Youth Violence YouthRead MoreThe City Of Baker Is Destroying Subdivisions And Commercial Properties938 Words   |  4 Pagesor more races combined. The population that I am assessing is adolescent ages Baker has numerous health care facilities to offer that help clients holistically such as, mental health, optical/ audiology health, and other specialty areas. The closest hospital near the City of Baker is Lane Memorial Hospital, which is in Zachary, La. The distance of is approximately 6.3 miles and 11 minutes. Baker health care system does not offer a continuum of care resource for clients that may have anger issues orRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Its Impact On The Nursing Profession1421 Words   |  6 Pagesattrition rates. Defining the problem is the first step in addressing it. In the past, workplace bullying was referred to as â€Å"Nurses eating their young.† There are many names for the various levels of workplace bullying like horizontal and lateral violence, hostility, mobbing, and verbal abuse. Bullying actions can take place overtly or covertly. Nurse-to-Nurse bullying is known to occur during interaction communications and manifests by withholding inform ation, intimidation, threats, verbalizingRead MoreEffects Of Racism1095 Words   |  5 Pagescaused negative effects in the mental and physical public health of African-Americans, and yet are rarely discussed. Hiding or ignoring the impact of racism on public health disparities is not the same as fighting against them. It is allowing them to be repeated without consequence. The effects of structural racism can be detrimental to the education of children in certain neighborhoods and communities. Structural racism such as socioeconomic status, racialized police violence and health disparitiesRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Global Phenomenon1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Domestic violence is considered a global phenomenon; research suggests that up to fifty percent of women worldwide have been physically abused by their intimate partner. Domestic violence can be defined as an incident or threatening behavior regarding violence or abuse between adults who are or have been considered intimate partners (Bradbury-Jones, C., Duncan, F., Kroll, T., Moy, M., Taylor, J. 2011, p 35). Domestic Violence is a serious and prevalent health issue that affects victimsRead MoreThe Importance Of Gun Violence1280 Words   |  6 PagesViolence has an impact in various forms all over the world. More than a million people die each year and many more suffer from violence related injuries. Violence is the leading cause of death worldwide for ages 15-44. In specific, gun violence is a leading cause of premature death in the United States. Guns kill 30,000 people and injure 60,000 people a year. More than 30 years ago, violence and health were not used in the same sentence. However, this issue is complex and deeply rooted into ourRead MoreHigh Costs Related to Drug Use Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat and costs they impose. It is our aim to encourage a new approach to tackle the problem: the creation of regulated consumption centers in order to substitute ollas and reduce microtraffic and crime around them. Policy options to reduce drug use related crime There are three main policies that could be considered in order to tackle ollas and the crime related costs they generate. 1. Continue intervening â€Å"ollas† The government could foster the â€Å"Operation Green Heart† to intervene ollas, just as theRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health Care Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesMental health issues have been an ongoing hot topic in this country for over a century. Though many strides have been made to increase awareness and lessen the stigma, there continues to be a barrier to mental health care, especially for our nations’ youth and young adults. I will be discussing the history behind mental health care, current policies regarding it, how the presence of stigma reduces the likelihood that youth and young adults are receiving the adequate mental health care they requireRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Cognitive Career Theory On The Empowerment Of Battered Women958 Words   |  4 Pageswhich decrease the battered woman’s self-efficacy and empowerment pursuits as well as interests and goals. Qualitative research on domestic violence has long documented the debilitating impacts it has on women’s sense of self (see, e.g. Hoff, 1990; Kirkwood, 1993 in Westmarland and Kelly 1097). As domestic violence is likely to have pervasive negative effects on a woman and their occupation regarding self-efficacy, this article suggests that â€Å"with the application of the Self Cognitive Career Theory

Hero Of Othello Essay Research Paper Iago free essay sample

Hero Of Othello Essay, Research Paper Iago as the Hero of Othello Roderigo, a soldier in Othello # 8217 ; s ground forces, is in love with Desdemona and is deceived by Iago into believing that Desdemona holds some fondness for him. Iago, who is Othello # 8217 ; s antediluvian or his counsellor, desires to keep Othello # 8217 ; s place and so attempts to invent a program to go general. As proved by the result of the drama, Othello was excessively naif and kindhearted to decently take an ground forces. Iago felt that he should hold been promoted to be Othello # 8217 ; s lieutenant but Cassio was promoted alternatively. The result of the drama besides proves that Iago was more efficient in accomplishing his ends. Iago # 8217 ; s program is one that involves Cassio, Othello # 8217 ; s second in bid, Roderigo and Desdemona. Iago is better qualified than either Cassio or Othello if he devised such a program without either of them detecting. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero Of Othello Essay Research Paper Iago or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The same schemes he uses in mundane life he would be able to use in conflicts. Iago has proven to be the ultimate soldier. Iago instills green-eyed monster in both Roderigo and Othello by taking each of them to believe that Desdemona and Cassio are holding an matter. He accomplishes all this without being discovered until the terminal. During the class of the drama, Othello is farther deceived by Iago to believe that Desdemona is unfaithful to him. Emilia, Iago # 8217 ; s married woman, unwittingly helps Iago sap Othello when she gives her hubby the hankie that was given to Desdemona by Othello on their nuptials dark. Desdemona ever keeps this by her side, as a consequence of Othello # 8217 ; s bid. When Iago tells Othello that he has seen Cassio with his gift to Desdemona, Othello becomes enraged and vows to kill her. He besides makes Iago swear that he will kill Cassio. Through Iago # 8217 ; s planning, Roderigo gets a opportunity to kill Cassio but fails. When Iago sees Roderigo # 8217 ; s failure to transport through with the program, he wounds Cassio in the leg and putting to deaths Roderigo. When Othello hears disturbance in the streets below he thinks that Cassio is dead and clutters Desdemona. When Cassio, Gratiano ( comparative to Brabantio ) , Montano ( Cyprus functionary ) , and Iago hear Emilia # 8217 ; s shrieks from Othello # 8217 ; s sleeping room they discover what he has done. Iago is revealed as the perpetrator and he so kills Emilia. After this Othello commits self-destruction and Iago is taken off to be punished. Iago was seeking a retaliation that can be justified because he felt that Othello had had an matter with Emilia. Although, we are neer told the truth in the terminal, intuitions are adequate cause for retaliation for Iago as they are for Othello. In the same manner, Iago led Othello to believe that Desdemona was holding an matter. Iago may hold besides thought that it was because Emilia denied or did non pleasure Othello that he was non promoted to lieutenant. Emilia had expressed a willingness to make whatever was necessary if it would advance her hubby. # 8220 ; Who would non do her hubby a cuckold to do him a sovereign? I should venture to purgatory for # 8217 ; t. # 8221 ; ( p. 217, line 85 ) As in most novels and dramas, the chief character is viewed as the # 8220 ; good individual # 8221 ; who has bad things happen to him or her. Besides in most novels, the supporter is besides viewed as the victim or the one we sympathize with the most. I believe that this is why when reading Othello one would be given to side with Othello for his naivety. Othello I s populating a sucessful life, freshly married, and thriving until Iago decides to make a better hereafter for himself. At this point, the reader decides that Iago is seeking to destruct Othello’s life for his ain evil addition. Even in the synapsis on the book screen, isIago described as â€Å"a scoundrel with an outward visual aspect of honest virtuousness but filled with hatred, enviousness, and ambition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  who â€Å"poisons Othello’s mind.† Before we of all time learn anything about him, we have already been given a negative perceptual experience of his character. I disagree with this, for the fact that Iago is non incorrect in wanting a better life for himself. We are all willing to contend for our single rights but we neglect to include or see those of the people around us. Iago, merely as Othello, is entitled to prosecuting his felicity to whatever degree may be delighting to him. In seeking your personal chase of felicity you are forestalling person else # 8217 ; s chase because your sentiments of felicity or the extent of your felicity will change or conflict. Just as Othello dramatically changed Desdemona # 8217 ; s relationship with Brabantio, Iago changed Othello # 8217 ; s relation to Desdemona. When Othello and Desdemona deceived Brabantio, it was considered harmless but when Iago deceived Othello to seek for the fulfilment of his felicity, it seemed incorrect. The lone ground this seemed incorrect is because we have decided from our negative position of Iago as the # 8220 ; evildoer # 8221 ; that merely bad- and non good- thing s should go on to him. It may be argued that Iago # 8217 ; s chase of felicity involves the deceases of people and the devastation of their reputes, so hence he is a scoundrel. This may look to be a sound statement but it fails to turn out how Iago murdered anyone with a malicious purpose. Iago can be said to be responsible for Roderigo # 8217 ; s slaying, but one must see the extenuating fortunes involved. Roderigo # 8217 ; s life threatened Iago # 8217 ; s felicity, and in the same mode that Othello felt threatened by Iago, he needed to be removed. Iago killed Emilia merely after his program was discovered and was his manner of puting her free from the cruel world. Iago is merely seeking a better manner of life for himself and Emilia, merely as anyone else in our society may make. Everyday business peoples make trades, minutess and determinations that can do decease or injury to many people but that is merely portion of the trade. In life there are two definite stairss to every action: cause and consequence. Iago # 8217 ; s cause was to seek out a better place in Othello # 8217 ; s ground forces. He was driven by passion and choler at non havin received his unquestionably rightful place that he would let nil to halt him. In today # 8217 ; s society ( and I # 8217 ; thousand sure in Shakespeare clip excessively ) seeking to better your manner of life is something that those who are hapless or underpriviliged are invariably seeking. This construct, though, does non merely use to the hapless, because even the rich are seeking to be richer or keep their manner of life. All these other illustrations are logical and rational but yet we choose to see Iago # 8217 ; s hunt for the # 8220 ; American ( or Venetian ) Dream # 8221 ; , a sadistic 1. One can reason that Iago # 8217 ; s concluding bordered on a thin line between saneness and insanity but yet the unfairness of Othello # 8217 ; s determination and his failure to account for his determination may explicate Iago # 8217 ; s defeat. 326

Understanding Business Environment

Business environment refers to factors, both internal and external, that affect the operations of a business. These factors may include clients, competitors, owners and suppliers. A part from communication, ethnic background, gender and age, business environment covers the multigenerational workforce for quality performance in the business world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Business Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Workforce revolutionizes with age due to the beliefs and sets of values bestowed in different communities. To create a friendly working environment, one should understand and collaborate with organizations in order to create a room for solving problems. Understanding the work productivity between different generations should continue as it will help future organizations to influence more workforces to be multi-generational in nature. The organization should improve talents , competition and enhance productivity in the businesses. Additionally, the business organizations have to note what keeps the customers and extend to leadership. A multigenerational workforce is that which comprises of different age set-ups. It inculcates different human resources with vast age difference. This workforce has different generations namely, generation X and Y, the old and the young. The aged have immeasurable experience on how to run a business to realize recommendable growth. This category of employees has wealth of knowledge on how to manage all the business activities (Swastika 2012). For example, if tasked with managerial duties, they will ensure success in business operations by meeting all stakeholders’ needs. On the other hand, generation Y, the youthful employees that fall below age 35 are always innovative and creative in their thoughts. They always like to see businesses trying to apply different management and production techniques in their operation s (Opportunities and Challenges of a Multi-Generation n.d.). Clearly, these different alternatives will enable businesses to be up-to-date with the constantly changing technology hence maintaining or increasing customers’ satisfaction. In this scenario, the business will attract and maintain new customers’ thereby recording high productivity. As a result, the business will gain competitive advantage over its competitors in the market. This mixed workforce has different skills that if businesses tap can easily leads to high profitability (Buahene 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A multigenerational workforce increases productivity in the business environment but it contributes to conflicts. The old generation are always resistant to accepting changes in the business environment while the young employees are always on the contrary (The Multigenerational Wor kplace 2011). Moreover, in such business environments, there are always delayed recognitions in terms of promotion as the aged population occupies the higher positions. Additionally, it causes a major market failure due to a destructive outsourcing strategy. This twists the age profile of any organizational pyramid. To prevent these organizations should become more diverse than before to overcome the issue. Multigenerational workforce can cause attrition to high potential talent, poor relationship at work minimising engagement and stress due to of generational diversity. According to Conference Board Economic Outlook of India, businesses have to change both the social and economic factors by 2020; this is due to the rapid economic growth (Engaging the Multi-generational Workforce – Wellness, Benefits Compensation n.d.). For instance, Japan will prefer to do business with India since the average age of the multinational subsidiaries and global coverage in India are about 24 t o 55 years. This is an indicator that the majority of this generation consists of energetic people where workforce is certainly high. Organizational leaders in India have to think innovatively to maintain the workforce in their business sectors. Most developing countries has studied the multi-generational diversity and classified them as generation X and generation Y. At workplaces, people come up with deeply rooted cultural experiences based on where they come from; this may bring a negative or positive attitude. For instance, in India, people value good relationship and respect for age is mandatory especially to the seniors. Multigenerational has created a gap especially in India as 24 to 55 years of age are the majority workforce. In addition, human resource does not come from managing multi-generational diversity since they strategise in craft, support, development and training. Therefore, an atmosphere of diversity must be on every individual in an organization. Moreover, emplo yers and employees should engrain diversity in their workplace to understand generational groups (North 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Business Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To sustain their organization in the long term, they have to take advantage of the attitudes, values and behaviours at work thereby building possible leadership strength and developing their talents for growth and sustainability of the organization. Notably, in the health sector, multigenerational workforce has caused shortages of nurses. With ageing nurses who retire and go home with their knowledge and skills, increased recruitment to maintain the number of nurses is conducted. At the same time, a demand for nursing care will be needed to take care of the ageing population. These two factors should be given strong emphasis to maintain the number of nurses and service provision. To overcome the challenge , nursing leaders and managers should find out what drive, motivate, and deter nurses from a different generation (O’Brien n.d.). On the other hand, governments have to employ and retain nurses and establish a climate that favours nurses. Therefore, leaders should engage them with each of the generational groups in finding amicable solutions. In the US, in a workplace, four generations share the same professional work. Human Resource leaders are forced to modify the working environment that favours the multiple age group; each with an exclusive view. This is compulsory as each group has to be comfortable and improve engagement between the two groups. In 2008, a comprehensive study showed that 1,500 Baby Boomers and generation X are not able-bodied in satisfaction. Satisfaction organization has a duty to influence satisfaction in every working environment; a study revealed using the employees’ survey data. According to this survey, organizations are competent in improvi ng the retention rates and employees’ satisfaction when they discover factors influencing their perception of the organization (Impact of ageing in the workplace 2011). Another study carried by a health care organization to get job satisfiers showed that co-workers, employees and satisfaction did not vary by generation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management should engage generation X employees in everything they do and teach this generation on how to amass experience and skills that will enable them serve employees who are Baby Boomers. On the other hand, the Baby Boomers employees should be trained on how to deal with the employees of Generation X (Acas predicts ageing population will have far-reaching impact on the workplace 2011). The research further revealed that the generation X tends to be contented in a business environment where freedom and employee independence are guaranteed. Additionally, these employees’ perceptions towards the business environment affect their level of satisfaction. Baby Boomers had lower perception to the business environment than the generation X. This made generation X more satisfied with the business environment than their counterparts. The research recommended that the management ought to offer employees’ training on the goals and objectives of the organization; this will enhance satisfaction. This culture of accepting new ideas as they come makes firms remain vibrant among their competitors. Organizations, therefore, should ensure that they keep employees updated on any occurrence that can have some impact on the running of their operations. The continuous update motivates employees as they learn new ideas. This culture requires that organizations should employ creative, innovative, and self-motivated individuals who like learning (Impact of ageing in the workplace 2011). This makes it possible for absorption of generation Y. During these learning processes, employees are updated of new changes in the market and how they expect to approach issues. Clearly, the training motivates employees as it makes them enjoy their work. Besides, the leaders should view employees through several lenses using the life stage and individual employee as per the study. Changes in a business environment affect an employee’s life. Therefore, how the employee rela tes and interacts with the management can help him/ her realize whether the organization is helpful and adds value to his/her life. Secondly, the individual employee and members of a generational group will be likely to share similar characters and reasons that are almost the same. It is exceptionally essential for leaders to view employees at an individual level since employees have different needs. The management should not use generation groups since it will limit it from finding an employee’s needs or behaviour. Ageing population has a considerable impact on the economy. Majority of older people accumulate their savings at an extremely high level and spend little on consumption. Therefore, this generation brings in lower interest rates. The economy benefits, as there is low inflation. Countries with the ageing population as the majority employees can advance in technology without creating unemployment since they put emphasis on a shift from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to personal well-being (The Impact of an Ageing Population n.d.). To meet this, government is forced to increase tax on goods or people to meet the cost of medication; as it will consist of health care and higher use of diagnostic used by the ageing population. On the other hand, the government is likely to spend less on the education sector as few young people will have to continue with tertiary education; they will be needed to work. In addition, these different generations should be trained how to deal with each other. When there are minimal conflicts in the business, the business has high chances of realizing positive growth. The numerous conflicts that exist within a multigenerational workforce and the ageing population can be mitigated through applying different job designs and motivational practices among the employees. Job design involves assigning tasks to jobs in relation to their interdependency. In job design, employing a job rotation mechanism can assist in minimizing ins tances of boredom and promotion issues that are common in a multigenerational workforce (Motivating through Job Design n.d.). Job rotation should be for a specified period with constant employee evaluation. In addition, the employees will be multi-skilled in a wide section. Clearly, this design will allow for employee movement to all sectors within a firm. Generation Y who are always disadvantaged in terms of movement into managerial positions will get this opportunity to apply their knowledge and skills in management. Employer should also provide timely feedback to employees on their job performance. This will be based on the employee’s experience in the job (How to Motivate Your Employees 2010). Feedbacks enable employees to work towards eliminating some of the challenges that they still face in their job performance. Additionally, job enlargement, which involves increasing responsibilities and adding challenging activities in a job, motivates employees to learn new ideas t hus increasing their skill levels (Employee motivation n.d.). The management in any organization can apply motivational theories in eliminating stress and conflicts in the workplace. The conflict between the different generations in the workplace can be solved by using the Intrinsic Motivation Theory. The innovative and creative generation Y who tends to rely on technology in management will desire to do well for the business if they are appreciated for their hard work (Miller 2011). Through this recognition, the employees will feel being part of the business. Moreover, the management should reward employees who are more productive than their counterparts that is, they meet or surpass their job targets. For instance, employees who are given high salaries should be those who meet their targets (Ingram 2009). This motivation theory is the Theory of Scientific Management; it points out that the management should not rely on age and period of service to accord payment or rewards to its employees. Organizations largely rely on the HRM to solve conflicts that arise in their daily operations. The different categories of employees require effective and efficient management system that is proactive in solving problems in order to create a favourable business environment for all. References Acas predicts ageing population will have far reaching impact on the workplace 2011, January 26, Acas – Home, http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3243 Buahene, A. K 2012, October 31, The Impact of a Multigenerational Workforce on HR Practices, n-gen Performance | the next generation of people performance, http://www.ngenperformance.com/blog/hr-training/the-impact-of-a-multigenerational-workforce-on-hr-practices Employee motivation n.d., ACCEL Group, http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/ Engaging the Multi-generational Workforce – Wellness, Benefits Compensation n.d., HR Management | The Online Human Resources News Source HR Management | The Online Human Resourc es News Source | GDS Publishing, http://www.hrmreport.com/article/Engaging-the-Multi-generational-Workforce/ How to Motivate Your Employees 2010, October 6, Business Buildup: Build Your Business Online and Offline, http://businessbuildup.com/how-to-motivate-your-employees/ Impact of ageing in the workplace 2011, February 8, Employers for Carers, www.employersforcarers.org/news/item/79-impact-of-ageing-in-the-workplace Ingram, D 2009, September 2, How to Apply Motivational Theories in the Workplace, Small Business – Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/apply-motivational-theories-workplace-10962.html Miller, K 2011, September 14, Motivational Theories in the Workplace, Yahoo Voices, voices.yahoo.com/motivational-theories-workplace-9080399.html?cat=72 Motivating through Job Design n.d., Small Business Tool Kit, http://toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/8/40/193 North, L 2009, April 24, The impact of our ageing population cannot be ignored, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.c o.uk/society/joepublic/2009/apr/24/ageing-population-impact O’Brien, S n.d., Aging Population – Seniors Are Fastest Growing Population Worldwide, Senior Living – Older Adult Lifestyle Advice Information, http://seniorliving.about.com/od/lifetransitionsaging/a/seniorpop.htm Opportunities and Challenges of a Multi-Generation n.d., Chief Information Officer – U.S. Department of Defense, http://dodcio.defense.gov/Home/Initiatives/NetGenerationGuide/OpportunitiesandChallengesofaMultiGeneration.aspx Swastika, S 2012, November 1, Impact of multigenerational diversity at workplace: a big challenge to address -hrindiaonline.com, HRindiaonline.com – forum where potential meets oppurtunity, http://hrindiaonline.com/columnDesc.php?MpoQSrPnM=MTg= The Impact of an Ageing Population n.d., Wesley Mission, http://www.wesleymission.org.au/publications/ageing/impact.htm The Multigenerational Workplace 2011, August 8, Human Resource Blueprints, http://hrblueprints.wo rdpress.com/2011/08/08/the-multigenerational-workplace/ This essay on Understanding Business Environment was written and submitted by user Geraldine Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bsb Versus Sky Tv Essay Example

Bsb Versus Sky Tv Paper Executive Summary British television viewing levels had stagnated in the 1980s due to already high levels of television viewership (3. 5 hours per day) and the rapid penetration of the VCR. This caused broadcast companies like BBC and ITV to look for new ways to spurn growth. The British government tried to allocate three of the five high powered digital satellite broadcast (DBS) channels first to the BBC and then to a joint venture between BBC and ITV. Both attempts failed due to high startup costs in building and launching dedicated satellites. The bidding for these channels was then moved to the private sector in April 1986. Additionally, the use of the untried D-MAC transmission standard that was viewed as a move towards HDTV was made mandatory. British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) was to be the first mover and quickly acquired a 15 year franchise for the DBS channels. BSB planned to start broadcasting by the fall of 1989, investing $500 million and projecting to break-even 4 years later. Sky Television a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation unexpectedly announced its entry into the satellite broadcasting market. Murdoch known for his aggressiveness aimed to start broadcasting from Sky’ leased medium powered satellite by February 1989 becoming the real first mover in the market. This led to an intense battle between BSB and Sky as they fought to gain the upper hand. By October 1990, both BSB and Sky were making combined losses of $10 million per week. BSB’s inability to view the competitive landscape combined with Sky’s aggressive tactics to leverage first mover advantage lead to both companies losing focus on the underlying economics in the launch of what is regarded the second biggest business undertaking in Britain (second only to the Chunnel). We will write a custom essay sample on Bsb Versus Sky Tv specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bsb Versus Sky Tv specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bsb Versus Sky Tv specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer BSB’s superior technology has the upper hand long term but, Sky’s overall superior economic model allows it to sustain losses for a longer period possibly outliving BSB’s investor’s faith in the DSB market in Britain. Industry Analysis The British broadcasting business was unable to grow due to a number of reasons, chief among them being the inability to move away from an obsolete revenue model that depended on license or advertising revenue. Pay television that utilized either cable or satellite media was expected to be the next vehicle for growth and with the restrictions imposed on access to cable (available only to remote areas), satellite television soon became the next practical choice. Economics of the DSB business Entering into the satellite broadcasting business was however an expensive proposition exacerbated by a long break-even period. Appendix A details BSB’s business plan assuming no competition (i. e. market share of 100%) in an attempt to determine the most aggressive break-even period. Building and deploying satellites combined with investing in the technology that would allow television sets decipher signals from satellites was estimated to be in the range of $300-$400 million. These numbers point to a ten year break-even given typical British consumer electronics adoption rates (initial BSB market penetration forecasts). An alternate approach at analyzing the economics of the satellite broadcasting business is to fix the break-even period to a reasonable number of years, say 4, (BSB’s initial business plan) and study the consequence on subscriber rates. Appendix B details this analysis in which we find that the typical consumer electronics adoption rate would have to be scaled up by a factor greater than 4. 75 to achieve this reasonable break-even target. BSB’s business plan prior to Sky’s market entry is compared against its’ revised business plan (incorporating effect of market share and increasing advertising and promoting budgets with a view to accelerate sales) in Appendix C and D. Only a well funded corporation that could sustain losses for a long period would be able to make it in this market. Entering the DSB Market In December 1986, BSB, a consortium of five financially sound companies, won a 15 year franchise to the DSB channels in Britain. They immediately set out to raise capital to fund the deployment of two satellites. With the enormous start-up costs and an economic model that expected a market entrant to stay the course of making losses for a minimum of 10 years it was easy to see why BSB refused to view Sky’s movement in the satellite broadcasting business as a serious threat. Sky Television was formed in June of 1988 out of Sky Channel by Rupert Murdoch, of News Corporation. Sky Channel had been using low powered satellite technology for broadcasting since 1983. Although a money loser, this project allowed Murdoch to see the potential for a wider acceptance of satellite technology for broadcasting in Europe. In 1986, News Corp under Murdoch launched Fox in the US and started using satellite technology. News Corp planned for a $150 million in start-up losses for Fox. This prior experience with Fox and Sky Channel definitely gave Sky the upper-hand in understanding the economic of satellite broadcasting and the business requirements. BSB should have expected to witness some activity from News Corp given Murdoch‘s recent success with Fox but when Sky Television was announced in 1988, BSB was actually taken off-guard. Alternative Scenarios for Market Entry BSB on announcing its entry into the DSB market, setout to obtain $222. 5 million in financing to fund the buying and launching of the satellites. It also started the recruiting process that took almost 6 months to find a Chairman and 10 months to find a CEO. The CEO who was lured away from a high profile advertising company was awarded a total compensation package close to $0. million without any link back to performance. A year and half later BSB had only grown to several dozen employees who occupied an office in the prestigious Kensington Park area. BSB did however, understand that making the chip technology work was crucial and obtained an exclusive contract with ITT. Assuming that BSB was aware of Sky’s intentions it should accelerated the ramp up of its operations. Recruiting should have started in full earnest and compensation packages should have been built based performance (e. . successful deployment of first satellite, etc. ) BSB should have contemplated hiring key personnel from News Corporation and other broadcasting companies in the US and Europe who had more direct experience with satellite broadcasting business so as to get a leg-up in the learning process. Given that it had a â€Å"money back† guarantee from Hughes who was delivering the satellites; it should have pursued similar contracts with ITT. Maintaining a low overhead expense would also allow it to stay in the fray longer. Relocating from the swanky Kensington Park area to a cheaper alternate would help in this regard. BSB, although well supported by its founding companies could have also looked at making its economic model more attractive by reducing future capital expenditures. Leasing the high powered satellites from Hughes would have allowed it reduce its cash outlay and stay more competitive with Sky. Lastly, BSB should have lobbied the British Government to block Sky’s anticipation market entry given the underlying economics of the DSB business. Customer Adoption Concerns The rate at which customers would sign up for satellite broadcasting service is based on the price of the dish, quality of programming, value of the investment (is the technology going to change soon? ) and other macroeconomic factors like interest rates etc. The faster customers adopt the satellite technology the shorter the timeframe wherein BSB /Sky would have to incur losses. Moreover, switching costs tend to be high (the cost of the dish) and interest rates in Britain were rising in the late 1980s. BSB’s plan to sell 12† dishes at $250 (which when adjusted to today’s US dollar equals 2,500USD), represents a significant investment from the customer on a technology that is new, un-tested and whose content is unknown. Further BSB’s advertising program that aimed to increase awareness on the technology advantages of D-MAC over PAL further confused customers and backfiring BSB. Most importantly however, was the fact the BSB was the second mover in the market giving Sky the first chance at seizing market share. Differentiation of satellite broadcasting through technology BSB and Sky although targeting the same market, approached the business very differently. On one hand BSB was forced to use the risky D-MAC standard for high powered satellite signals while Sky through its use of medium powered signals was able to stay with the tried and tested low technology PAL system. Given BSB’s use of the D-MAC protocol it had no alternative but, develop chip technology that could decode the satellite signals. This resulted in BSB inheriting additional risk due to the nature of the technology development that was necessary to support BSB’s launch plan. Sky’s use of PAL although not a technology issue from a transmission standpoint posed its own technical concern in that film studios were reluctant to sell film rights given that the PAL signals could not be easily scrambled. While Sky was able to work through the scrambling issue with PAL, BSB found that its project with ITT was behind schedule. This translated into the need for an additional round of financing and the loss of a key supporter, Virgin. Longer term (ten plus years), BSB’s technology advantage should sustain itself. But this is contingent upon them being able to ride out making loses for ten years at a minimum. Short term, Sky’s choice to use PAL makes better financial sense. It will be able to establish a market presence in Britain and experiment with programming and other content as it gears up for launching HDTV (the ultimate technology goal in broadcasting ten years ago)to the broader European market. Staying the course in the DSB market With the entry of Sky into the satellite broadcasting market, BSB was forced to pull ahead some of its marketing initiatives. This was an attempt to educate the consumer on BSB’s product offering and differentiate itself from Sky’s PAL standard. BSB also hoped that the additional marketing prior to the actual launch process would increase the number of future adopters of BSB and induce some Sky consumers to switch. BSB initiated second round financing to allow it to double its advertising and promotion programs as well. Sky experienced very low sales in the six months after launch. This was attributed to equipment unavailability, customer confusion and the acroeconomic climate that existed in Britain. Sky sensing that it had an opportunity to leverage its first mover advantage, setup Project X where dishes were sold through a door-to-door sales effort. They also reduced the price barrier that prevented most consumers from adopting the technology. By selling the dishes through a lease program they were able to win more subscribers (possibly at a loss) and protect market share. This strategy of aggressively seeking customers should pay off for Sky as it boosts programming content and quality. Subscription fees for both Sky and BSB are comparable. It is the initial cost of the dish that creates reluctance on the consumer to sign up. By taking away this issue, Sky will be able to grow market share until BSB mimics this strategy. Recommendations Given BSB’s technology advantage and well funded investors it is possible that BSB could sustain the upcoming losses for some time. However, with the cash flow calculations it is clear there will be mounting pressure to change their business model by reducing capital expenditures by leasing satellites instead of purchasing. BSB should also explore reducing the price of the dish unit or establishing contracts that entice consumers with free dishes but, penalize them for breaking the contract if they cancel or switch. On the other hand Sky with its first mover advantage should build on its market share by investing in programming and using its installed base to solicit additional advertising revenue. Sky should also be concerned about how long it can continue to make losses in its bid to outlast BSB. In an effort to change the game, Sky could use the power of its parent company

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essays

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essays Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay We live in an information age, where the volume of data processed by humans and organizations increases exponentially by grid middleware and availability of huge storage capacity. So, Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The openness of the Web and the ease to combine linked data from different sources creates new challenges. Systems that consume linked data must evaluate quality and trustworthiness of the data.A common approach for data quality assessment is the analysis of provenance information. [1] Data provenance, one kind of Meta data, relate to the transformational workflows of a data products (files, tables and virtual collections) starting from its original sources. Meta Data refers to â€Å"Data about Data†. The workflows can generate huge amount of data with rich Meta data in order to understand and reuse the data. Data provenance techniques used in e for Different provenance Consumers In this they used an example scenario to express different provenance consuming type of users. They took power consumption forecast workflows as their example scenario.In this scenario there are three kind of consuming users: the software architect, the data analyst, and the campus facility operator. So they need different provenance model for each of them. The word â€Å"quality impact†, which indicates how the quality of a process affects the output quality, is then used to guide users on what processes and data objects they need to exercise more quality control upon. 3. 2. 2 An Apropos Presentation view Generally we use two kind classifications of approaches for determine suitable presentation view of the provenance: decomposition approach and clustering approach.Decomposition method is well suited for presence of granularities clearly defined in the provenance model. In each individual activity in the workflow, we identify the most appropriate presentation granularity to satisfy the usage requirement and to meet the user’s interest. When granular levels are not specified clear, clustering approach will be used. This approach incrementally clusters the initial fines for source data are the content of a document used for machine learning, the entries in a database used to answer a query, and the statements in a knowledge base used to entail a new statement. Other artifacts that may be used in a data creation are the creation guidelines, it is used for guiding the execution of the data creation. Examples for creation guidelines are mapping definitions, transformation rules, database queries and entailment rules. The data access centers on data access executions.Data accessors perform data access executions to retrieve data items contained in documents from a provider on the Web. To enable a detailed representation of providers the model describe in paper[12] distinguishes data providing services that process data access requests and send the do cuments over the Web, data publishers who use data providing services to publish their data, and service providers who operate data providing services. Furthermore, the model represents the execution of integrity verifications of artifacts and the results.A system that uses Web data must access this data from a provider on the Web. Information about this process and about the providers is important for a representation of provenance that aims to support the assessment of data qualities. Data published on the Web is embedded in a host artifact, usually a document. Following the terminology of the W3C Technical Architecture Group we call this artifact an information resource. Each information resource has a type, e. g. , it is an RDF document or an HTML document. The data accessor, retrieves information resources from a provider.Their provenance model allows a detailed representation of providers by distinguishing data providing services, data publishers, and service providers. [1] In paper [12] a provenance graph has represented as a tuple (PE; R; type; attr) where, ? PE denotes the set of provenance elements in the graph, ? R [pic] PE X PE X RN denotes the labeled edges in the graph where RN is the set of relationship names as introduced by our provenance model, ? type : PE ; ? (T) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with its types where T is the set of element types as introduced by our provenance model attr : PE ; ? (A X V ) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with additional properties represented by attribute-value pairs where A is a set of available attributes and V is a set of values They didn’t specify the sets A and V any further because the available possible values,attributes, and the meaning of these depend on the use case. However, they introduced an abbreviated notation to refer to the target of an edge in a provenance graph: if (p? 1; p? 2; rn) [pic] R we write p? 1 [pic] = p? 2. 3. 4 Using Data Provenance for Quality AssessmentFor assessment of the quality of data, we need to find out the information types that can be used for evaluating and a methodology for calculating quality attributes. In this research paper they have introduce a provenance model custom-made to the needs for tracing and tracking provenance information about Web data. This model describes about the creation of a data item and the provenance information about who made the data to be accessed through the Web. Most of the existing approaches for information quality assessment are based on the information provided by users.Quantitative approach described in the research paper [12] follows three steps: ? Collecting the quality attributes which are needed for provenance information ? Making decision on the influence of these attributes on the assessment ? Application of a function to compute the quality In this paper author has described information quality as a combined value of multiple quality attributes, such as a ccuracy, completeness, believability, and timeliness. The assessment method described in the paper [12] follows three steps. Those are, 1. Generate a provenance graph for the data item; . Annotate the provenance graph with impact values; 3. Calculate an IQ-score for the data item from the annotated provenance graph. The main idea behind these approach is automatically determining the quality measure for a data item, from impact values, which represent the influence of the elements in a provenance graph on the particular quality of the assessed data item. In order to design a actual assessment method for the above mention general assessment approach we have to make some design decisions. We have to answer few design related question to take design decision.Questions for Step 1: What types of provenance elements are necessary to determine the considered information quality and what level of detail (i. e. granularity) is necessary to describe the provenance elements in the application scenario? and Where and how do we get the provenance information to generate the provenance graph for a data item?. For Step 2: How might each type of provenance element influence the quality of interest? and what kind of impact values are necessary for the application scenario? For Step 3: How do we determine the impact values or where do we get them from? nd How can we represent the considered information quality by a value and what function do we use to calculate such a value from the annotated provenance graph? 3. 5 Using Data Provenance for Measuring the Information Assurance Data Provenance is multidimensional metadata that specifies Information Assurance attributes like Integrity, Confidentiality, Authenticity, Non-Repudiation etc. Each Information Assurance attribute may contain sub-components within like objective and subjective values or application security versus transport security within them.In the paper [11] authors have mentioned about a framework which is based on s ubjective Logic that includes uncertainty by representing values as a triple of . The model discussed in the paper [11] is an information flow model based on complex and simple messages about which objective information assurance attribute values are collected. This model incorporates the capability to roll up data provenance information over a multi-step information flow and/or over a complex message. These aggregation is called as Figures of Merit.Next goal after having the figure of merit and information assurance attribute values is to summarize these information in a simple visual icon which helps those who must act on information quickly to understand how confidential, authentic, and unmodified the data is, therefore it helps to make more clear decision when dealing with the data. 3. 5. 1 Framework for capture data provenance record A single Data Provenance (DP) record is created, each time a message was transmitted between agents, systems or processes. This record can be stor ed or it can be send along in parallel with the message.There are two parts of DP record, one is sender part and the other one is receiver part. Each part has a variant and an invariant section. Routing information to forward the message to the final destination is contained within the variant section, and it may change during the routing process. The invariant section of the DP record remains unchanged, the sender’s invariant section may include the following components: Identity of the Author of the message, Message ID, Timestamp, Message contents and type, References to other message IDs, e. g. attachments, Destination, Security label or classification, Outgoing Information Assurance values, and Hash value of the message contents. The receiver appends his own values to the record, adding Identity of the Receiver of the message, Timestamp, Incoming Information Assurance values, and Hash of the message body as seen by the receiver. The receiver may append a signature or an e ncrypted hash based on both the sender and receiver’s records. 3. 5. 2 Subjective Logic Josang’s Subjective Logic is used for modeling a flexible mechanism to calculate the confidentiality and this mechanism also helps to deal with uncertainty.Josang’s Subjective Logic uses three values b, d, and u, where b = belief, or the belief that the proposition is true d = disbelief, or the belief the proposition is false u = uncertainty, or the amount of uncommitted belief These components satisfy b + d + u =1, and b, d, u [pic] [0,1] 3. 5. 3 Implementation The models of information flow and of the data provenance at each point along that flow is captured in a semantic model. The target representation was the Web Ontology Language (OWL) with a rules layer above to capture domain inferences not implied by the formal models.Controlled English representation called the Semantic Application Design Language (SADL) is used as the authoring environment. SADL is a language that maps directly and unambiguously into OWL and Jena Rules or SWRL. An Eclipse-based SADL-IDE supports the authoring, testing, and version control of the models. Snapshots of the data provenance state of the Message are captured as instances of DPInfo. When a Message is sent by an Agent, a SenderDPInfo (subclass of DPInfo) captures relevant data provenance information.When a Message is received by an Agent, a ReceiverDPInfo (also a sub class of DPInfo) captures the data provenance state at receipt. In this model they have decided to calculate each of IA attributes individually. They have created a visual summary of the IA values, to support in the decision process. The IA values they used are Integrity, Confidentiality, Authenticity, Availability, and Non-repudiation. 3. 6 Issues in Data Provenance There are some open problems exist with data provenance. Those are Information management infrastructure, Provenance analytics and visualization, Interoperability, Connecting database and wo rkflow provenance. 6] Information management infrastructure. With the growing volume of raw data, workflows and provenance information, there is a need for efficient and effective techniques to manage these data. Besides the need to handle large volumes of heterogeneous and distributed data, an important challenge that needs to be addressed is usability: Information management systems are notoriously hard to use. As the need for these systems grows in a wide range of applications, notably in the scientific domain, usability is of paramount importance. The growth in the volume of provenance data also calls for techniques that deal with information overload.Provenance analytics and visualization. The problem of mining and extracting knowledge from provenance data has been largely unexplored. By analyzing and creating insightful visualizations of provenance data, scientists can debug their tasks and obtain a better understanding of their results. Mining this data may also lead to the d iscovery of patterns that can potentially simplify the notoriously hard, time-consuming process of designing and refining scientific workflows. Interoperability. Complex data products may result from long processing chains that require multiples tools (e. . , scientific workflows and visualization tools). In order to provide detailed provenance for such data products, it becomes necessary to integrate provenance derived from different systems and represented using different models. This was the goal of the Second Provenance Challenge, which brought together several research groups with the goal of integrating provenance across their independently developed workflow systems. Although the preliminary results are promising and indicate that such an integration is possible, there needs to be more principled approaches to this problem.One direction currently being investigated is the creation of a standard for representing provenance Connecting database and workflow provenance. In many s cientific applications, database manipulations co-exist with the execution of workflow modules: Data is selected from a database, potentially joined with data from other databases, reformatted, and used in an analysis. The results of the analysis may then be put into a database and potentially used in other analyses. To understand the provenance of a result, it is therefore important to be able to connect provenance information across databases and workflows.Combining these disparate forms of provenance information will require a framework in which database operators and workflow modules can be treated uniformly, and a model in which the interaction between the structure of data and the structure of workflows can be captured. Another issue which in data provenance is Data Citation, Data citation is about citing a component in a digital library that consists of documents and databases. More generally there is no specified way citing. In databases they use key for citing tuples. Docum ent can be cited using Url, universal locator of the document.Most major problem of provenance is invalidated citing due to update of the cited documents. To overcome this problem there are many solution but each with a problem. One way of solution is release successive version of database separately. But it needs large storage. Another way of solution is kept history of database to trace history of the components of database. But it is complex. As a solution of whole, by giving a date to url, at least the person who follows the citation will know whether to question the validity of the citation. 7] 3. 6. 1 DATA PROVENANCE AND FINANCIAL SYSTEMIC RISK Data Provenance is not only important in E-Learning environment but also play vital part in large-scale analytic environment to support financial systemic risk analysis. In financial Sector, Data should be managed as a strategic, enterprise asset. This requires active management of data quality, so that managers or CEOs of the organizat ion understand the quality of the information on which they base their decisions. So Data provenance is needed for make a financial based decision. rovenance information enables analysts to better understand the data and assumptions used for potentially vast numbers of simulation runs. Even though, it is not enough to provide data structures, query mechanisms, and graph renderings for provenance; one also needs a scalable strategy for collecting provenance. 4. Data Provenance and E-Learning Rather than thinking like â€Å"E-Learning is a new education method which uses Internet† , actual norm can be expressed as collaborating different pieces of technologies/products to make learning happens.This gradually leads to the idea of virtual learning environment. In E-Learning most of the resources which are related to the studies are gathered from web. So it is important to make sure that the information gathered from web is trustworthy. Some of the information provided in internet is not considered as proper reference. For example wikipedia. org, wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, for most of the google search result wikipedia will appear in the top of the search result, still it is considered as untrusted source because of the openness of it.There is another problem, some of the information would be truthful but the information is outdated, so referring to that information is incorrect. This is where the data provenance come into play. Data provenance can be used to get information about data creation, and the modification happened to the information. Using these information we can come to a conclusion about trustworthiness of the resource gathered from the web. Most of the researches in data provenance are done under the field of E-Science, but it can be adapted into the E-Learning environment.

Finance Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance Project - Research Paper Example Despite such universal nature of the banking, there are still key differences between the banking systems of the world. Banking in Switzerland is considered as one of the most sophisticated and neutral banking systems in the world. Due to the overall protection and security offered to the customers under the Swiss laws, Swiss banks have proved one of the most preferred destinations for the global funds. US banking system on the other hand is regulated both at the State and Federal level and is considered as one of the most transparent and opens banking systems in the world. US banking system are relatively different from the Swiss banking system because of the overall nature of the regulations as well as the essential nature and characteristics of the system. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between the US and Swiss banking system. Swiss Banking System Swiss Banking system is one of the oldest banking systems in the world and is famous for keeping the secrecy of its clients intact. Thus till now one of the prominent features of banking system in Switzerland is its ability to keep the identity of its customers as secret under the laws. This element of the banking system however, has its roots in the first part of the 20th century when in order to protect the money of German Jews from Nazis. Apart from this, its constitutional requirement that the individual liberty and privacy of the individuals to be kept according to the wishes of the individuals. Thus the overall notion of secrecy within the banking system of the country is exactly according to the laid down constitutional requirements of the country. It is also because of this reason that Swiss Banks issue numbered accounts thus protecting the names of the individuals and as per law all the bankers are required to remain silent about their customers. Thus one of the critical aspects of the Swiss Banking system is the issuance of the numbered accounts to the account holders in order to protect their secrecy and privacy. (Gumbel) Another important feature of Swiss banking is its ability to offer the universal banking services- a concept which was adapted little late by other countries including US. Under the universal banking services, Swiss banks offer almost all the services to their customers besides offering the traditional secrecy and protection to the customers. Universal banking services included services which are not only traditional like deposits as well as lending but also include other services such as investment advice, insurance as well as financial planning services, asset management services as well as other allied services.1 Though the universal banking services have now been adapted by most of the countries however, Swiss banks pioneered in developing the universal banking services in the world. Unlike other countries, Banks in Switzerland are not directly controlled by the central bank of the country. However, most of the banks in the country ar e regulated and controlled through Swiss Financial Market Supervisory authority which is a separate authority from the central bank of the country. It is also important to note that the Swiss banking system is also famous for its overall lending techniques and the quality of the loans. Swiss banks are considered as soundest banks in the world due to their overall practices and the way they lend to their borrowers.

Hypothetical population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothetical population - Essay Example Even so, the genetic equilibrium idea forms a primary principle or rule of population genetics, which provides a baseline for determining genetic change. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium concept has a variety of names, which include HWP, Hardy-Weinberg law, or HWE. Despite the principle being applicable mostly in hypothetical cases, the equations of the principle can be used fundamentally to determine vital but hard-to- measure facts regarding a population. In a case where mating is by chance (random) in a huge population having no disruptive conditions, the principle forecasts that both allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant owing to the fact that they are in equilibrium (Nature Education). Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions are met the calculation for the following hypothetical population is determined. p2 in this equation will be equal to the part (fraction) of the population that is homozygous for p and q2 being equal to the fraction of the population that is homozygous for q while 2pq equals the fraction of the population that forms the heterozygotes. Using the information from the calculation to explain the occurrences in the hypothetical population, it is realized that the recessive gene in most cases is never lost from a given population irrespective of how tiny the gene is represented. Therefore, gene ratios and gene frequencies in a randomly-breeding population usually remain constant from a single generation to another. Evolution comprises of changes within the population gene pool. However, in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a population indicates no particular change. What the principle suggests is that populations can maintain a variability reservoir so that in case the future conditions need it, then the gene pool changes. In a case where the recessive alleles were disappearing continually, the population would become homozygous soon. Thus, under the conditions of

Fraudulent Financial Reporting and Ethics at WorldCom Case Study

Fraudulent Financial Reporting and Ethics at WorldCom - Case Study Example As a result, the company incurred very substantial losses. These enormous losses meant that the business could not attain standards set by stock exchange analysts (Kaplan, Robert, and Kiron, 2004). WorldCom decided to hide these losses and buy time so that they could pay their expenses later. WorldCom’s senior management resorted to fraudulent practices to conceal these losses. The company agreed to have intentionally misappropriated over $3.8 billion. This amount was a line cost liability, but it was reported as a long-term capital investment. Line costs are funds that WorldCom paid to other telecommunication companies to lease their communication networks. Line costs were supposed to be as current liabilities in WorldCom’s profit and loss account. In 2001, $ 3.055 billion was said to have been wrongly assigned by the company. A sum of $797 million is supposed to have been allocated in 2002. WorldCom claimed that $14.7 billion was reported as line cost during the year of 2001 (Kaplan, Robert, and Kiron, 2004). Having allocated the expense as a capital investment, WorldCom increased its net annual income. This is because the line cost, a current liability, was inaccurately reduced. Following this, there were increments in the company assets since capital costs are considered investments. On 8th August 2012, WorldCom to have used its financial reserves wrongfully. Reports revealed that WorldCom used funds in reserve accounts to pay line expenses. Reserve accounts hold precautionary money for companies to use in case of an unforeseen event. The United States Stock Exchange Commission requested WorldCom to avail financial reports suspected to be.  

Notable Clauses In Icheme Contracts Construction Essay

Notable Clauses In Icheme Contracts Construction Essay A construction project can be have a good start. Owner according to their own actual situation choose Procurement Methods. And Then according to the time, quality, costs etc, choose the tendering methods. Finally according to their own construction project consider based on the main body of the building design select a standard form of contract. 2. Procurement Methods The procurement is a term used to describe the activities carried out by the client or employer is seeking to bring construction or renovation of buildings. It is a mechanism which provides a solution to the question: how do I get my project built? In most projects, the client (usually through their advisers or internal team) will start the procurement process by developing a project strategy. The strategy needs to weigh the benefits, risks, and budget constraints of a project to determine what is the most appropriate method, procurement contractual arrangements will be required. With every project, the clients concerns focus on time, cost and quality (or performance) in relation to both the design and construction of the building. Understanding of risk is very important, because although each procurement methods follow a comprehensive set of rules and procedures, there are risks associated with select any particular route. The JCT contract specifically for different procurement methods are used in the construction industry. There are three main procurement methods : Traditional system Client development projects of the business use cases, provide a brief, budget an designate a team of consultants to prepare a design, plus the tender document. Client appoints the construction contractor construction architect design, by the completion date of the contract and the agreed price. Usually much of the work is sub-contracted to specialist firms but the contractor remains liable. Consulting firm manage the contract on behalf of the client, and suggested that the relevant aspects of the design, progress and stage payments must be paid by the client. Separate contractors from design can mean lost opportunities for contractor or expert contractors to enter. This strategy is the choice of a low-risk client want to reduce their exposure to cost overruns, delays, or design failure. This is probably the most commonly used method of procurement and it is suitable for: all clients, including inexperienced clients complex projects and projects where functionality is a prime objective However, it is not suitable for fast track projects Figure 1: traditional procurement process Source: http://www.google.com.hk/imgres Design and build system The main contractor is responsible for both design and construction and will use either internal designers or employment consultants to perform design. Most of the construction work will be carried out by the experts or subcontractors. Design and build approach gives the client a single point of contact. However, the cost of construction costs submitted by the client, as well as an earlier design than the traditional method. While the risk transfer of the contractor, which is very important to the design of liability insurance is to keep it to cover the risk.Change by the client in the design can be expensive, because they affect the entire design and construction contract, not just the cost of the design team. This method of procurement involves the contractor being responsible for design as well as construction, it can be suitable for: all clients, including inexperienced clients and those requiring distance from the project. cost certainty faster track However, it is not suitable for: an uncertain or developing client brief complex buildings Figure 2: design and build procurement process Source: http://www.google.com.hk/imgres Management Contracting The client appoints designers and a contractor(management contractor) separately and pays the contractor a fee for managing the construction works. A feature is the early appointment of the contractor to work alongside the design team to develop a programme for construction and contribute to the design and costing of the works. The works are let competitively by the management contractor to subcontractors and specialists in appropriate works packages. This approach often means that design and the start on site overlap, with the design and tender packages becoming available just-in-time to suit the construction programme. Management contractor will not carry out construction work. This preserves the management independent contractors and strengthen a consulting firms relationship with its customers. Payment plus a consent fee based on the cost of works package to the management contractor. This is suitable for: fast track projects complex buildings a developing brief However, it is less suitable for: inexperienced clients cost certainty before starting construction clients wanting to pass risk to the contractor Figure 2: Management Contracting process Source: http://www.google.com.hk/imgres Tendering This offer the time needed to complete a project, money and other conditions related to contractual obligations to complete construction projects collectively form a tender. Management and business decisions to tender is called a tender, to do so is based on a variety of details, such as estimated. There are three types of tendering methods used in construction industry: 1. Open Tendering An open tender is a tender invitation sent to all interested contractors, so they can submit the tender. This process is considered to be one of the most fair way, even an unknown or new contractor can have the opportunity to get the contract. Advantage of the open tender To the high level of competition and contractors often give the best price and the other bidding methods. There is no limit bidders list, it does not allow favoritism. This is a very transparent process, to ensure that the contractors and the best price and meeting all the technical requirements to win the tender. This process is usually by procurement management board, its staff is trained to make this exercise and the Board to ensure that all procedures involved in the tender. The disadvantage of the public tender The low prices are usually damage the quality and often cause the client to get the low-quality work and night to complete the work. In view of its public tender, where the number does not limit the contractor bidding to become coarse, tender analysis and lengthy work often leads to delays and high cost. 2. Selective Tendering In this process, the selected contractors were invited to tender to tender. However, this approach leaves a lot of space prejudices. This process can reduce the competition for those invited to tender. The method has been applied to the case when building a little selective and requires high-tech and specialized expertise, skills and experience. Only those contractors to meet all these needs is to invite tenders. Advantage of selective tender An advertisement may produce several interested contractors and suitable Firms are selected to tender. The consultants may contact those they would wish to put on an ad-hoc list. Many local government and national institutions to maintain approved contractor list in certain categories, such as the type of work and cost range. Require the Contractor to include in the select list of bidders usually required to provide the information on their financial and technical performance, especially when you consider the type of work. National Joint Advisory Committee Building (NJCC) wrote a standard form of tender questionnaire Private so the contractor can be ready to answer related issues in advance. These problems are mainly processing projects in the past three years. Once the form has been completed, it can be used for a specific project or compile a list of the selected contractor 3. Negotiated Tendering. This process involves negotiations tender consulting client select contractors consultation contract, its terms and conditions. This process uses a special case. For example, usually in the case of an emergency, you need to complete a project in a very short period of time or complex contracts, financial and technical performance are difficult to identify. This proposed standard procedure for situations involving the safety of major national projects. STANDARD FORM OF CONTRACT A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between the two parties, the terms and conditions of the contract party, the other is set on a either accept it or leave it stance with little or noability to negotiate terms that are more favorable to it. Example of the standard form of contract insurance (insurance companies decide what will and will not guarantee that the wording of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (in some terms must be included by law or regulation). There are many of the standard form of contract for international construction project. Such as FIDIC JCT IChemE etc. Standard Form Contracts: FIDIC FIDIC is International Federation of Consulting Engineers, the French acronym. It was founded in 1913, aims to promote the interests of engineering companies in the global consulting. It is best known for its range of standard contract conditions for the construction of plants and design industry. FIDIC form of contract is the most widely used form of the international community, including the World Bank, its projects. The the FIDIC rainbow kit new contract was published in 1999, including: Red Book: employer of construction conditions of contract for architectural and engineering design; Yellow book: Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design; Silver book: Conditions of Contract for EPC / Turnkey Engineering; Green book: a short form of the contract conditions. These new form of the first version and user-friendly design, with a standardized method to reduce the general conditions from the more than 60-year-old to 20 terms and conditions. Additional forms since 1999, including: Blue book: the contract dredging and reclamation; MDB / FIDIC Contract: FIDIC conditions included in the standard tender documents multilateral development banks; The White Paper: client / consultant model services agreement; Kims book: FIDIC design, construction and operation of the project. Red and yellow book has a similar structure, with 20 of the general conditions. Have guidance, assist in the preparation of the special conditions, and add specific conditions. The Red Book (construction contract for building and engineering employers) to work for the employer is responsible for the design. This is a re-contract, which means the employer and the contractor agreed to in the the contract rent type of work, and those interest rates will be applied to the amount of work, contractor implementation. Employers need a lot of risk is estimated to be more or less accurate, the contractor must ensure that the number of the unit price is enough. The yellow book (plants and design, construction contract) works designed for the use of contractors. This is a one-time contract, the Contractor undertakes to deliver the project, a fixed price. Contractors, therefore, requires a lot of risk. Standard form contracts: JCT JCT contract, in the form of the most common standard form of construction contract in the United Kingdom, accounting for about 70% of the UK project. The Joint Contracts Tribunal Joint Contracts Tribunal, composed of seven members represent a broad range of interests in the building and construction industry. It produces standard forms of contract, notes and other standard documentation used in industry. The JCTs intention, they represent a balance between the parties to allocate risk arising from contracts. The JCT suite of contracts The latest version is the 2011 package. Need to consider the to modify housing grants, construction and regeneration Act of 1996, thus affecting the payment. However, previous JCT is still in use. Main contract JCT suite (see the JCT Contract) listed below. This guide will focus on the following form: Standard construction contract (SBC); Design and build (DB). Format and structure A JCT contract in the standard format is: Articles of agreement; Contract matters: these contain specific information; Conditions of Contract; Timetable. The contract payments JCT flexible. They may allow pre-paid contractor from the employer, usually accompanied by payment of security such as bonds and / or invoice once the work is completed certification. Certification by an independent third party (such as architects, the employers agent or contract administrator). Usually paid by the temporary work progress. Design Build Contract D B is a popular form of contract in the JCT suite and is often used for large-scale, complex construction projects, such as stadiums, shopping centers and office buildings. It uses public and private sectors. The key characteristics contractor D B contract will design works to it by the employer based on demand (ie, employers hope from the building). The contractor will have a contractors proposal (set how the contractor will receive the needs of employers). Then, it will perform a total work (see the contractors proposal) Standard Building Contract Sometimes described as traditional contracting, the contractor will not be involved in any aspect of the design in a Southern Baptist. Works will be reference to the drawings and BOQ prepared by or on behalf of the employer to the contractor. BOQis actually a list of project construction cost (including a description of the number of projects and needs) and pay the foundation. Standard Form Contracts: IChemE The institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) is a global professional engineering organization, was founded in 1922. It creates two sets of forms of contract for international and UK projects in the process industries such as food production, chemical and pharmaceutical. These are turnkey contract for the project is transferred to the buyer in a ready-to-use condition. Each form of IChemE Contracts Manual contains a model form of agreement, general conditions and detailed guide pointed out to assist the user to prepare a contract. This guide provides a simple look at the three main IChemE forms of contract. The three major forms of contract IChemE contracts for the procurement process plants specialized machinery but can be used for other infrastructure projects. The three main forms of contract are color-coded according to the pricing mechanism. Red Book Lump sum, or fixed-price contract: A fixed price for the entire work; Contractor the risk of any additional costs exceed the fixed price; The contractor may still recover additional costs depending on the agreement. Green Book Repayment contract: Contractor may be required to recover the costs in the implementation; There is no pre-fixed price; The contractor will take fewer risks. Burgundy Book the target cost contract: Pricing mechanism is a variation in the terms of repayment; The costs can be claimed a fixed level (goal of); The final cost is higher or lower than this target, different gains or losses shared in an agreed proportion. The IChemE publication of the international form of red, green and Burgundy Books in 2007. Contract structure The contracts IChemE package follow the same basic structure: Agreement; contract conditions; generally; special: and other standard forms of contract, specific conditions are necessary and need to be drafted to meet the law applicable to the project. The other specific conditions may also be needed; specification; timetable. Notable clauses in IChemE contracts Extensive testing system: IChemE contracts contain a more comprehensive testing program for before and after the completion of, than some other standard forms of contract; Acquisition of tests and procedures: the IChemE detailed testing mechanism including separate tests when the project is completed, when the plant is in the employer receives. Analyses the contractors obligation against the design consultants liability during the design stage According to this project use the FIDIC(YELLOW BOOK) Contractors General Obligations The Contractor shall design, execution and completion of the works in accordance with the contract, shall remedy any defects in the works. Once completed, this work should be suitable for the purpose of work as defined in the contract. The Contractor shall provide plants and contractors in the file specified in the contract, and all contractor personnel, goods, supplies and other things and services, whether it is a temporary or permanent nature, requirements and the design, execution and completion of and repair defects.The Works shall include any work which is necessary to satisfy the Employers Requirements, The contractors proposal and timetable, or implied contract, and all the work (although not mentioned in the contract) is necessary, stable or complete, or safety, proper operation works. Appropriate, stability and security of the Contractor shall be responsible for all site all methods of operation, construction, and all the works. The Contractor shall, whenever required by the Engineer, submit a detailed arrangements and methods of using contractors for the execution of works. There was no significant change in these arrangements and methods should had informed the engineer. General Design Obligations Contractor shall implement responsible design works. Designers should be designed to prepare qualified engineers or other professionals to comply with the standards (if any) specified in the employers needs.Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the Contractor shall agree with the name of the matters and each designer and design subcontractors. The Contractor warrants that, he, his designers and subcontractors have the experience and capacity necessary for the design. Contractors, designers should be available to participate in the discussion of the engineers at any reasonable time, until the expiry date of the Defects Notification Period. Commencement of the works in the receipt of the notice under section 8.1 [Contractor shall carefully review the requirements of the employer (including design criteria and calculations, if any) and the items mentioned in paragraph 4.7 of the reference [set]. Within the time limit specified in the Appendix to Tender, calculated from the Commencement Date, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer of any error, error or other defect found a reference to the needs of employers, or these entries. After receiving this notice, the Engineer shall determine the terms of 13 years [variation and adjustment] applies, shall notify the Contractor accordingly.In a way, (taking into account the cost and time) an experienced contractor due diligence exercise will find the error, error or other defect when the inspection site and employer requirements before submission of tender, completion time may not be extended and the contract. The price shall not be adjusted. Conclusion First Based on this case study, the essay show us a Singaporean company proposes to build a 40-storey hotel with 2 levels of basements at City Square, Johor, facing the water front. And then the Singaporean company entered into a contract with Alpha Design Tech. Pvt.Ltd, a Singaporean design consultant. And Alpha Design Tech Pvt. Ltd is responsible for design and selection of contractor for the client. A Malaysian builder was awarded the project with condition that the Malaysia contractor company would enter into a contract with Alpha Design Tech Pvt. Ltd here on. So i think the most suitable procurement system is he novated design and build method. Because the client(Singaporean company ) want to use the design team(Alpha Design Tech. Pvt.Ltd) make plan so They reach the contract relationship. And design team to find think appropriate contractor, the contractor must be use the design teams drawing. Usually, this way is novated design and build method. Second in this case study The Singaporean company is concerned about other aspects, among others: facade lighting acoustic system mechanical engineering marine engineering fire engineering So this Singaporean company In order to find a more suitable for this project construction contractor, lists several requirements, This also reflects Singapore company chooses the selective tendering. finally the client is a Singaporean company, the design team Alpha Design Tech is a Singapore based multi-disciplinary consultant with architects and engineers from Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, and Hong Kong. The contractor is a Malaysia contractor company. So we should use the standard form of contract for international construction project. And FIDIC is the most Professional than others. According to the case study FIDIC(yellow book, Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build ) the most suitable for this project. Through the case study. I to procurement, tendering, standard form of contract have more deep understanding.

Bruce Dawe Essay

The Second World War changed many things: the face of Europe, the balance of world power, and, perhaps less notably, the perception of the common Australian. From Federation day to the 1940s, most poets wrote about the ideal ‘aussie’; the strong, silent outback-dweller; the Man from Snowy River or the Man who went to Ironbark. The 1950s were a time of change, and Australian Literature changed too, from aggrandizing the increasingly rare ‘Dundee’s, to noting the average Australian living in suburbia with the other four-fifths of the population. This essay will cite specific examples of poems of a man commonly regarded as Australia’s greatest living poet from 1950 to 1990. Through Bruce Dawe’s poetry the true Australian persona has arisen to global knowledge. One of Bruce Dawes most famous poems, written in the 1950s, is Enter Without So Much As Knocking. In this poem he highlights the plight of a ‘modern’ man who slowly comes to realize and embrace the faà §ade surrounding suburban life and its incessant consumerism. â€Å"Well-equipped, smoothly-run, economy-size† These terms give the feeling of mass production – just as well-equipped, smoothly-run, economy-size cars; these sorts of households must have been very common. Again the fact that these people lack individuality is being focused on and it is disputed whether this is correct. The rest of the family are presented as stereotypes. Whereas in the days of The Man From Snowy River, where individuality, rebelliousness and going against the grain are commonplace and celebrated as courageous, in this world, it would seem ‘inefficient’. The poem itself is discussing a man’s journey from birth to death and how all around him life is interpreted by material possessions. A famous quote from this poem shows the change that mechanized and money hungry living brings to man. â€Å"Anyway, pretty soon he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back-stabbing miserable so-and-so†. This is a dramatic transformation from the poems of war and outback mateship, of jumping on a grenade to save your friends in the foxhole. Now, â€Å"It’s Number One every time for this chicken, hit wherever you see a head and kick whoever’s down†. Clearly, Dawe is conscious of the changes affecting Australian persona. Bruce Dawe often uses humour to devastating effect. In Pigeons also are a way of life, a city councilor is mocked for his petty-mindedness, highlighting the utter bureaucracy that society and everyday life has become. â€Å"The problem was, he brooded overmuch, and took things personally that were not meant, so that each juvenile delinquency of nature seemed an outrage aimed at him† This quote encapsulates the trivial nature of the councilor, that he considered nature juvenile, and that he was too puffed-up in his self importance to respect habits that have and will outlast him, his city and certainly his civilization. This is done to bring to light the incredible conceit of man in relation to the environment. Whereas the bushman lived off the land, respecting it, modern man destroys it contemptuously to make room for suburbs and cities, and it’s men like this who are responsible. Homo Suburbiensis is a poem about a man, a regular man, with a garden that represents his escape from the demands of his existence. â€Å"Homo Suburbiensis† uses one man’s escape from his life to represent our universal need to contemplate and resolve our own uncertainties in life in our own special place. This poem speaks about suburbia, and escaping from it into nature, Bruce Dawe illuminates the plight of this man and how the tolls of modern life are affecting him. â€Å"One constant in a world of variables† represents how this small garden in is his only avenue for escaping into order, his order. Whereas the outback is constantly described as freedom, this man’s only freedom is a small vegetable patch. A little known poem from the 1980s era of Bruce’s writings, Looking Down from Bridges, takes a look back at the world of his childhood, from the perspective of nostalgia. â€Å"Looking down we see an earlier world living on in the interstices of the present, like green wheat in the gutters of the bulk feed store or the odd shy weatherboard holding out between factories† This citation details the vision of the past through the mind’s eye to childhood, showing the simplicities of an earlier time where there were fewer factories, where â€Å"troops of tiny children tentatively skipping† played in the street. This is Bruce where he is his most grandfatherly, regaling tales  of how life used to be, and how it has changed, from small wooden houses with bush on either side to sprawling conurbation without room to breathe or, in the children’s case, to play in the streets. ‘Life-cycle’, is one of his well-known poems that dramatises how the common ‘Aussie bloke’ is influenced by football. It ridicules the fact that football for people has become like a religion. Not speaking of a specific event, this poem describes the general cycle of life of a resident of suburban Australia. From birth people are encouraged to barrack for their teams, and build a life around football. This ‘religion’ is implied on the ‘innocent monsters’ by their parents and surroundings. â€Å"they are wrapped in the club-colours, laid in beribboned cots, having already begun a lifetime’s barracking† Dawe is showing that this will be the purpose of the child’s life. He will grow up living and breathing football, and worshipping it without giving a second thought to the true purpose of life. Using simple structure and simple language, he is able to best convey his morals to the common people that it affects. Gently mocking people with his vibrant expression of the game, with Christian symbolism he compares it to the bible – highlighting that it is, but shouldn’t be regarded of the same importance as Christianity. â€Å"They will forswear the Demons, cling to the saints and behold their team going up the ladder into Heaven† Dawe describes the actual important things in life – marriage, proposals, as just a sidetrack to football, done quickly in between games. Football is the focus of these people’s lives – anything else is merely a diversion to football and should be taken care of quickly so that they can get back to the game. â€Å"- the reckless proposal after the one-point win, the wedding and the honeymoon after the grand-final†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We almost begin to pity these poor people, to whom living their lives has taken second place in importance to football. By using triumphant words such as ‘behold’ ‘passion’ and ’empyrean’ Dawe is showing great sarcasm, as he did with the Christian symbolism. It is like he is asking the readers why football is now as important to the Australians as their religion, and highlighting the fact that it is not supposed to be like this. From this  quote: â€Å"having seen in the six-foot recruit from Eaglehawk their hope of salvation† Bruce Dawe purposefully makes the last word of the poem salvation, this word, generally associated with heaven, and the fact that living a good, Christian life will supposedly lead to our salvation and we will go to heaven, not hell. But it is not from God that these people gain their salvation – they see salvation in the recruit, the strong football player who has come to play for their team and could bri ng the team victory. With that Dawe makes obvious the skewed priorities of these people, and how futile and pointless their existence is. ‘Carn, carn’ they cry, from birth unto death, never knowing anything else, never living. As is evident, Bruce Dawe truly has highlighted the changes in Australian literature. Changes brought about by himself, for he is truly the most influential Australian Poet of this century. By departing from the common norm of Outback mythology to discuss the curve of a man’s life, his passion for sport and the ways in which suburbia has taken over Australian lives, he earns his title of the ‘People’s Poet’. Bruce Dawe has changed the perception of the average Australian worldwide.